Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Siamese twins
- 1st Siamese twins "exhibited" in America in 1829
- Chang and Eng born in Thailand, came to USA at age 18
- Lived long and productive lives despite being conjoined
- 1st Siamese twins "exhibited" in America in 1829
- Siamese twins
Definitions
- Fetal fusion of variable degree
- Nomenclature
- Site of fusion + suffix "pagus"
- Thoracopagus: Fused at chest, heart involved
- Omphalopagus: Fused xiphoid to umbilicus, heart not involved
- Pygopagus: Fused at buttocks
- Ischiopagus: Fused at hips
- Craniopagus: Fused at cranial level
- Prefix "di" denotes separate parts associated with conglomerate structures
- Dicephalus: Conglomerate mass with 2 identifiable heads
- Diprosopus: Conglomerate skull vault with 2 faces, variable number of extremities
- Janiceps: Synonym for diprosopus
- Site of fusion + suffix "pagus"
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Omran A et al: Early separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins: a case report from Syria. J Surg Case Rep. 2020(1):rjz374, 2020
- Pang H et al: Prenatal diagnosis of parasitic conjoined twins using three-dimensional ultrasound: a case report. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 148(2):265-66, 2020
- Wataganara T et al: Additional benefits of three-dimensional ultrasound for prenatal assessment of twins. J Perinat Med. 48(2):102-14, 2020
- Juhnke B et al: Use of virtual reality for pre-surgical planning in separation of conjoined twins: a case report. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 233(12):1327-32, 2019
- Willobee BA et al: Predictors of in-hospital mortality in newborn conjoined twins. Surgery. 166(5):854-60, 2019
- C Sager E et al: Conjoined twins: pre-birth management, changes to NRP, and transport. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):321-8, 2018
- Carlson TL et al: Successful separation of conjoined twins: the contemporary experience and historic review in Memphis. Ann Plast Surg. 80(6S Suppl 6):S333-9, 2018
- Carreker C et al: Family support and media considerations with conjoined twins. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):393-401, 2018
- Fallon SC et al: The surgical principles of conjoined twin separation. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):386-92, 2018
- Mehollin-Ray AR: Prenatal and postnatal radiologic evaluation of conjoined twins. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):369-80, 2018
- Parmekar S et al: Role of simulation in preparation for the care of conjoined twins-prenatal preparation to separation. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):329-39, 2018
- Thomas A et al: An ethically-justifiable, practical approach to decision-making surrounding conjoined-twin separation. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):381-5, 2018
- Mian A et al: Conjoined twins: from conception to separation, a review. Clin Anat. 30(3):385-96, 2017
- Alkhateeb M et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of thoracopagus twins by ultrasound. Acta Inform Med. 23(1):60-2, 2015
- Sinha M et al: Assisted breech vaginal delivery of dicephalus dipus dibrachius conjoined twins: a case report. J Reprod Med. 60(3-4):160-4, 2015
- Stahr N et al: In utero and postnatal imaging findings of parasitic conjoined twins (ischiopagus parasiticus tetrapus). Pediatr Radiol. 45(5):767-70, 2015
- Burans C et al: 3-dimensional ultrasound assisted counseling for conjoined twins. J Genet Couns. 23(1):29-32, 2014
- Kobylarz K: Anaesthesia of conjoined twins. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 46(2):124-9, 2014
- Sanhal CY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of total type 1 vertical craniopagus with 3-dimensional sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 33(1):179-81, 2014
- Wu Y et al: Fetal echocardiographic characteristics of fused heart in thoracopagus conjoined twins. Echocardiography. 31(7):E218-21, 2014
- Aneja A et al: Conjoined twins: a rare case of thoraco-omphalopagus. J Clin Diagn Res. 7(7):1471-2, 2013
- Baken L et al: Diagnostic techniques and criteria for first-trimester conjoined twin documentation: a review of the literature illustrated by three recent cases. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 68(11):743-52, 2013
- Hirokazu T et al: Separation surgery of pygopagus asymmetrical conjoined twins sharing U-shaped spinal cord: case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(4):699-706, 2013
- Lopes LM et al: Twenty-five years of fetal echocardiography in conjoined twins: lessons learned. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 26(5):530-8, 2013
- Prasanna LC et al: Double headed conjoined twin--autopsy findings. Indian J Med Res. 137(1):219, 2013
- Rhodes JL et al: Preoperative planning for the separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins-the role of a multicomponent medical model. J Craniofac Surg. 24(1):175-7, 2013
- Tannuri AC et al: Conjoined twins: twenty years' experience at a reference center in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 68(3):371-7, 2013
- Terata M et al: Prenatal diagnosis of parasitic conjoined twins with three-dimensional ultrasound. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 53(3):131-3, 2013
- Wen X et al: Thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins: impact of ultrasound assessment on successful surgical separation. Clin Imaging. 37(1):138-42, 2013
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Siamese twins
- 1st Siamese twins "exhibited" in America in 1829
- Chang and Eng born in Thailand, came to USA at age 18
- Lived long and productive lives despite being conjoined
- 1st Siamese twins "exhibited" in America in 1829
- Siamese twins
Definitions
- Fetal fusion of variable degree
- Nomenclature
- Site of fusion + suffix "pagus"
- Thoracopagus: Fused at chest, heart involved
- Omphalopagus: Fused xiphoid to umbilicus, heart not involved
- Pygopagus: Fused at buttocks
- Ischiopagus: Fused at hips
- Craniopagus: Fused at cranial level
- Prefix "di" denotes separate parts associated with conglomerate structures
- Dicephalus: Conglomerate mass with 2 identifiable heads
- Diprosopus: Conglomerate skull vault with 2 faces, variable number of extremities
- Janiceps: Synonym for diprosopus
- Site of fusion + suffix "pagus"
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Omran A et al: Early separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins: a case report from Syria. J Surg Case Rep. 2020(1):rjz374, 2020
- Pang H et al: Prenatal diagnosis of parasitic conjoined twins using three-dimensional ultrasound: a case report. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 148(2):265-66, 2020
- Wataganara T et al: Additional benefits of three-dimensional ultrasound for prenatal assessment of twins. J Perinat Med. 48(2):102-14, 2020
- Juhnke B et al: Use of virtual reality for pre-surgical planning in separation of conjoined twins: a case report. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 233(12):1327-32, 2019
- Willobee BA et al: Predictors of in-hospital mortality in newborn conjoined twins. Surgery. 166(5):854-60, 2019
- C Sager E et al: Conjoined twins: pre-birth management, changes to NRP, and transport. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):321-8, 2018
- Carlson TL et al: Successful separation of conjoined twins: the contemporary experience and historic review in Memphis. Ann Plast Surg. 80(6S Suppl 6):S333-9, 2018
- Carreker C et al: Family support and media considerations with conjoined twins. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):393-401, 2018
- Fallon SC et al: The surgical principles of conjoined twin separation. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):386-92, 2018
- Mehollin-Ray AR: Prenatal and postnatal radiologic evaluation of conjoined twins. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):369-80, 2018
- Parmekar S et al: Role of simulation in preparation for the care of conjoined twins-prenatal preparation to separation. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):329-39, 2018
- Thomas A et al: An ethically-justifiable, practical approach to decision-making surrounding conjoined-twin separation. Semin Perinatol. 42(6):381-5, 2018
- Mian A et al: Conjoined twins: from conception to separation, a review. Clin Anat. 30(3):385-96, 2017
- Alkhateeb M et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of thoracopagus twins by ultrasound. Acta Inform Med. 23(1):60-2, 2015
- Sinha M et al: Assisted breech vaginal delivery of dicephalus dipus dibrachius conjoined twins: a case report. J Reprod Med. 60(3-4):160-4, 2015
- Stahr N et al: In utero and postnatal imaging findings of parasitic conjoined twins (ischiopagus parasiticus tetrapus). Pediatr Radiol. 45(5):767-70, 2015
- Burans C et al: 3-dimensional ultrasound assisted counseling for conjoined twins. J Genet Couns. 23(1):29-32, 2014
- Kobylarz K: Anaesthesia of conjoined twins. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 46(2):124-9, 2014
- Sanhal CY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of total type 1 vertical craniopagus with 3-dimensional sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 33(1):179-81, 2014
- Wu Y et al: Fetal echocardiographic characteristics of fused heart in thoracopagus conjoined twins. Echocardiography. 31(7):E218-21, 2014
- Aneja A et al: Conjoined twins: a rare case of thoraco-omphalopagus. J Clin Diagn Res. 7(7):1471-2, 2013
- Baken L et al: Diagnostic techniques and criteria for first-trimester conjoined twin documentation: a review of the literature illustrated by three recent cases. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 68(11):743-52, 2013
- Hirokazu T et al: Separation surgery of pygopagus asymmetrical conjoined twins sharing U-shaped spinal cord: case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(4):699-706, 2013
- Lopes LM et al: Twenty-five years of fetal echocardiography in conjoined twins: lessons learned. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 26(5):530-8, 2013
- Prasanna LC et al: Double headed conjoined twin--autopsy findings. Indian J Med Res. 137(1):219, 2013
- Rhodes JL et al: Preoperative planning for the separation of omphalopagus conjoined twins-the role of a multicomponent medical model. J Craniofac Surg. 24(1):175-7, 2013
- Tannuri AC et al: Conjoined twins: twenty years' experience at a reference center in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 68(3):371-7, 2013
- Terata M et al: Prenatal diagnosis of parasitic conjoined twins with three-dimensional ultrasound. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 53(3):131-3, 2013
- Wen X et al: Thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins: impact of ultrasound assessment on successful surgical separation. Clin Imaging. 37(1):138-42, 2013
