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Brain
Diagnosis
Pathology-Based Diagnoses
Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Disease
Congenital/Neonatal Infections
COVID-19
COVID-19
Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR; Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Pathology

        TERMINOLOGY

        • Abbreviations

          • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
          • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
          • Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2)

        • Definitions

          • COVID-19 = disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus
            • Is zoonosis (disease transmitted to humans from animals)

        IMAGING

        • General Features

          • CT Findings

            • MR Findings

              • Imaging Recommendations

                DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                  PATHOLOGY

                  • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                    • Etiology

                      CLINICAL ISSUES

                      • Presentation

                        • Demographics

                          • Natural History & Prognosis

                            • Treatment

                              DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                              • Consider

                                • Reporting Tips

                                  Selected References

                                  1. Asadi-Pooya AA et al: Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 413:116832, 2020
                                  2. Baig AM: Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. CNS Neurosci Ther. 26(5):499-501, 2020
                                  3. Baig AM: Updates on what ACS reported: emerging evidences of COVID-19 with nervous system involvement. ACS Chem Neurosci. 11(9):1204-5, 2020
                                  4. Bowles L et al: Lupus anticoagulant and abnormal coagulation tests in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med.383(3):288-90, 2020
                                  5. Chen B et al: Insights into neuroimaging findings of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 presenting with neurological manifestations. Front Neurol. 11:593520, 2020
                                  6. Chen H et al: Clinical and imaging features of COVID-19. Radiol Infect Dis. 7(2):43-50, 2020
                                  7. Harahsheh AS et al: Missed or delayed diagnosis of kawasaki disease during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. J Pediatr. 222:261-2, 2020
                                  8. Kandemirli SG et al: Brain MRI findings in patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19 infection. Radiology. 201697, 2020
                                  9. Lersy F et al: Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds for patients with severe COVID-19: etiologic hypotheses. J Neurol. 21;1-9, 2020
                                  10. Mahajan A et al: Novel Coronavirus: what neuroradiologists as citizens of the world need to know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(4):552-4, 2020
                                  11. Mankad K et al: COVID-19: a primer for Neuroradiologists. Neuroradiology. 62(6):647-8, 2020
                                  12. Moonis G et al: The spectrum of neuroimaging findings on CT and MRI in adults with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). AJR Am J Roentgenol. ePub, 2020
                                  13. Moriguchi T et al: A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 94:55-8, 2020
                                  14. Morris M et al: Neuroradiologists, be mindful of the neuroinvasive potential of COVID-19. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):E37-9, 2020
                                  15. Natoli S et al: Does SARS-Cov-2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models. Eur J Neurol. 27(9):1764-73, 2020
                                  16. Oxley TJ et al: Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med.14;382(20), 2020
                                  17. Paybast S et al: Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and central nervous system complications: what neurologist need to know. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 29(1):24-31, 2020
                                  18. Phillips CD et al: From the eye of the storm: multi-institutional practical perspectives on neuroradiology from the COVID-19 outbreak in New York city. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):960-5, 2020
                                  19. Zanin L et al: SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 162(7):1491-4, 2020
                                  20. Kuo KH et al: Cerebral microbleeds associated with critical illness. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 28(1):25-26, 2019
                                  21. Fanou EM et al: Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds. Stroke. 48(4):1085-7, 2017
                                  Related Anatomy
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                                  Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                  References
                                  Tables

                                  Tables

                                  KEY FACTS

                                  • Terminology

                                    • Imaging

                                      • Pathology

                                        TERMINOLOGY

                                        • Abbreviations

                                          • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
                                          • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
                                          • Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2)

                                        • Definitions

                                          • COVID-19 = disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus
                                            • Is zoonosis (disease transmitted to humans from animals)

                                        IMAGING

                                        • General Features

                                          • CT Findings

                                            • MR Findings

                                              • Imaging Recommendations

                                                DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                  PATHOLOGY

                                                  • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                    • Etiology

                                                      CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                      • Presentation

                                                        • Demographics

                                                          • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                            • Treatment

                                                              DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                              • Consider

                                                                • Reporting Tips

                                                                  Selected References

                                                                  1. Asadi-Pooya AA et al: Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 413:116832, 2020
                                                                  2. Baig AM: Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. CNS Neurosci Ther. 26(5):499-501, 2020
                                                                  3. Baig AM: Updates on what ACS reported: emerging evidences of COVID-19 with nervous system involvement. ACS Chem Neurosci. 11(9):1204-5, 2020
                                                                  4. Bowles L et al: Lupus anticoagulant and abnormal coagulation tests in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med.383(3):288-90, 2020
                                                                  5. Chen B et al: Insights into neuroimaging findings of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 presenting with neurological manifestations. Front Neurol. 11:593520, 2020
                                                                  6. Chen H et al: Clinical and imaging features of COVID-19. Radiol Infect Dis. 7(2):43-50, 2020
                                                                  7. Harahsheh AS et al: Missed or delayed diagnosis of kawasaki disease during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. J Pediatr. 222:261-2, 2020
                                                                  8. Kandemirli SG et al: Brain MRI findings in patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19 infection. Radiology. 201697, 2020
                                                                  9. Lersy F et al: Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds for patients with severe COVID-19: etiologic hypotheses. J Neurol. 21;1-9, 2020
                                                                  10. Mahajan A et al: Novel Coronavirus: what neuroradiologists as citizens of the world need to know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(4):552-4, 2020
                                                                  11. Mankad K et al: COVID-19: a primer for Neuroradiologists. Neuroradiology. 62(6):647-8, 2020
                                                                  12. Moonis G et al: The spectrum of neuroimaging findings on CT and MRI in adults with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). AJR Am J Roentgenol. ePub, 2020
                                                                  13. Moriguchi T et al: A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 94:55-8, 2020
                                                                  14. Morris M et al: Neuroradiologists, be mindful of the neuroinvasive potential of COVID-19. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):E37-9, 2020
                                                                  15. Natoli S et al: Does SARS-Cov-2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models. Eur J Neurol. 27(9):1764-73, 2020
                                                                  16. Oxley TJ et al: Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med.14;382(20), 2020
                                                                  17. Paybast S et al: Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and central nervous system complications: what neurologist need to know. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 29(1):24-31, 2020
                                                                  18. Phillips CD et al: From the eye of the storm: multi-institutional practical perspectives on neuroradiology from the COVID-19 outbreak in New York city. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(6):960-5, 2020
                                                                  19. Zanin L et al: SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 162(7):1491-4, 2020
                                                                  20. Kuo KH et al: Cerebral microbleeds associated with critical illness. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 28(1):25-26, 2019
                                                                  21. Fanou EM et al: Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds. Stroke. 48(4):1085-7, 2017