COVID-19: Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): Condition characterized by fever, inflammation, & multiorgan dysfunction that has temporal association with SARS-CoV-2 infection
IMAGING
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Blumfield E et al: Imaging findings in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(2):507-17, 2021
Fenlon Iii EP et al: Extracardiac imaging findings in COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatr Radiol. 51(5):831-9, 2021
Foust AM et al: Private tour guide to pediatric coronavirus disease of 2019 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in 10 minutes: what thoracic radiologists need to know. J Thorac Imaging. 36(1):24-30, 2021
Lin JE et al: Neurological issues in children with COVID-19. Neurosci Lett. 743:135567, 2021
Morparia K et al: Abdominal Imaging findings in critically ill children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 40(2):e82-3, 2021
Palabiyik F et al: Imaging of Multisystem Inflammatory Disease in Children (MIS-C) Associated With COVID-19. Acad Radiol. 28(9):1200-1208, 2021
Rostad BS et al: Chest radiograph features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared to pediatric COVID-19. Pediatr Radiol. 51(2):231-8, 2021
Henderson LA et al: American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. Version 2. Arthritis Rheumatol. 73(4):e13-29, 2021, 2020
Siegel DA et al: Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Admissions Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 Years - United States, August 2020-August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 70(36):1249-1254, 2021
Soma VL et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 33(1):152-8, 2021
Abdel-Mannan O et al: Neurologic and radiographic findings associated with COVID-19 infection in children. JAMA Neurol. 77(11):1-6, 2020
Abel D et al: Encephalopathy and bilateral thalamic lesions in a child with MIS-C associated with COVID-19. Neurology. 95(16):745-8, 2020
Biko DM et al: Imaging of children with COVID-19: experience from a tertiary children's hospital in the United States. Pediatr Radiol. 51(2):239-47, 2020
Dufort EM et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York state. N Engl J Med. 383(4):347-58, 2020
Feldstein LR et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 383(4):334-46, 2020
Foust AM et al: Practical guide for pediatric pulmonologists on imaging management of pediatric patients with COVID-19. Pediatr Pulmonol. 55(9):2213-24, 2020
Friedman KG et al: Cardiac dysfunction in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a call to action. J Am Coll Cardiol. 76(17):1962-4, 2020
Godfred-Cato S et al: COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children - United States, March-July 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69(32):1074-80, 2020
Gulko E et al: Vessel wall enhancement and focal cerebral arteriopathy in a pediatric patient with acute infarct and COViD-19 Infection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(12):2348-50, 2020
Kwak JH et al: Clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Exp Pediatr. ePub, 2020
Lindan CE et al: Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. ePub, 2020
McMurray JC et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a post-viral myocarditis and systemic vasculitis-a critical review of its pathogenesis and treatment. Front Pediatr. 8:626182, 2020
Miller J et al: Gastrointestinal symptoms as a major presentation component of a novel multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children that is related to Coronavirus disease 2019: a single center experience of 44 cases. Gastroenterology. 159(4):1571-4.e2, 2020
Stevens JP et al: COVID-19-Associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children presenting as acute pancreatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. ePub, 2020
Theocharis P et al: Multimodality cardiac evaluation in children and young adults with multisystem inflammation associated with COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. ePub, 2020
Winant AJ et al: Thoracic Imaging Findings of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19: What Radiologists Need to Know Now. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2(4):e200346, 2020
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
COVID-19: Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): Condition characterized by fever, inflammation, & multiorgan dysfunction that has temporal association with SARS-CoV-2 infection
IMAGING
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Blumfield E et al: Imaging findings in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(2):507-17, 2021
Fenlon Iii EP et al: Extracardiac imaging findings in COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatr Radiol. 51(5):831-9, 2021
Foust AM et al: Private tour guide to pediatric coronavirus disease of 2019 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in 10 minutes: what thoracic radiologists need to know. J Thorac Imaging. 36(1):24-30, 2021
Lin JE et al: Neurological issues in children with COVID-19. Neurosci Lett. 743:135567, 2021
Morparia K et al: Abdominal Imaging findings in critically ill children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 40(2):e82-3, 2021
Palabiyik F et al: Imaging of Multisystem Inflammatory Disease in Children (MIS-C) Associated With COVID-19. Acad Radiol. 28(9):1200-1208, 2021
Rostad BS et al: Chest radiograph features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared to pediatric COVID-19. Pediatr Radiol. 51(2):231-8, 2021
Henderson LA et al: American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. Version 2. Arthritis Rheumatol. 73(4):e13-29, 2021, 2020
Siegel DA et al: Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Admissions Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 Years - United States, August 2020-August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 70(36):1249-1254, 2021
Soma VL et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 33(1):152-8, 2021
Abdel-Mannan O et al: Neurologic and radiographic findings associated with COVID-19 infection in children. JAMA Neurol. 77(11):1-6, 2020
Abel D et al: Encephalopathy and bilateral thalamic lesions in a child with MIS-C associated with COVID-19. Neurology. 95(16):745-8, 2020
Biko DM et al: Imaging of children with COVID-19: experience from a tertiary children's hospital in the United States. Pediatr Radiol. 51(2):239-47, 2020
Dufort EM et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York state. N Engl J Med. 383(4):347-58, 2020
Feldstein LR et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 383(4):334-46, 2020
Foust AM et al: Practical guide for pediatric pulmonologists on imaging management of pediatric patients with COVID-19. Pediatr Pulmonol. 55(9):2213-24, 2020
Friedman KG et al: Cardiac dysfunction in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a call to action. J Am Coll Cardiol. 76(17):1962-4, 2020
Godfred-Cato S et al: COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children - United States, March-July 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69(32):1074-80, 2020
Gulko E et al: Vessel wall enhancement and focal cerebral arteriopathy in a pediatric patient with acute infarct and COViD-19 Infection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(12):2348-50, 2020
Kwak JH et al: Clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Exp Pediatr. ePub, 2020
Lindan CE et al: Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. ePub, 2020
McMurray JC et al: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a post-viral myocarditis and systemic vasculitis-a critical review of its pathogenesis and treatment. Front Pediatr. 8:626182, 2020
Miller J et al: Gastrointestinal symptoms as a major presentation component of a novel multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children that is related to Coronavirus disease 2019: a single center experience of 44 cases. Gastroenterology. 159(4):1571-4.e2, 2020
Stevens JP et al: COVID-19-Associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children presenting as acute pancreatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. ePub, 2020
Theocharis P et al: Multimodality cardiac evaluation in children and young adults with multisystem inflammation associated with COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. ePub, 2020
Winant AJ et al: Thoracic Imaging Findings of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19: What Radiologists Need to Know Now. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2(4):e200346, 2020
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