Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes hemosiderin deposition on surface of brain, brainstem, and cranial nerve leptomeninges
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Albayram MS et al: Frequency, extent, and correlates of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis in premature infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage: an SWI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(2):331-7, 2020
Friedauer L et al: Spinal dural leaks in patients with infratentorial superficial siderosis of the central nervous system-refinement of a diagnostic algorithm. Eur J Neurol. ePub, 2020
Alshehabi M et al: Cochlear implantation in the presence of superficial siderosis. Clin Otolaryngol. 44(6):1166-9, 2019
Wagner F et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: neurotological findings related to magnetic resonance imaging. Otol Neurotol. 40(1):31-7, 2019
Beitzke M et al: Acute diffusion-weighted imaging lesions in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 38(2):225-9, 2018
Takeda T et al: Vestibular dysfunction in patients with superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Otol Neurotol. 39(6):e468-74, 2018
Wipplinger C et al: Superficial siderosis of central nervous system as primary clinical manifestation secondary to intradural thoracic disk herniation. World Neurosurg. 119:40-4, 2018
Pichler M et al: Prevalence and natural history of superficial siderosis: a population-based study. Stroke. 48(12):3210-14, 2017
Lauer A et al: Microbleeds on MRI are associated with microinfarcts on autopsy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 87(14):1488-92, 2016
Charidimou A et al: Cortical superficial siderosis: detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related conditions. Brain. 138(Pt 8):2126-39, 2015
Kishimoto I et al: Clinical features of rapidly progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 134(1):58-65, 2014
Tyler GK et al: Systematic review of outcome of cochlear implantation in superficial siderosis. Otol Neurotol. 33(6):976-82, 2012
Nadol JB Jr et al: Temporal bone histopathology in a case of sensorineural hearing loss caused by superficial siderosis of the central nervous system and treated by cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 32(5):748-55, 2011
Linn J et al: Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 74(17):1346-50, 2010
Koeppen AH et al: The pathology of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 116(4):371-82, 2008
Kumar N et al: Superficial siderosis. Neurology. 66(8):1144-52, 2006
Leussink VI et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: pathogenetic heterogeneity and therapeutic approaches. Acta Neurol Scand. 107(1):54-61, 2003
Dhooge IJ et al: Cochlear implantation in a patient with superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Otol Neurotol. 23(4):468-72, 2002
Hsu WC et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS associated with multiple cavernous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(7):1245-8, 1999
Weller M et al: Elevated CSF lactoferrin in superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. J Neurol. 246(10):943-5, 1999
Lemmerling M et al: Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroradiology. 40(5):312-4, 1998
Castelli ML et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underestimated cause of hearing loss. J Laryngol Otol. 111(1):60-2, 1997
Maurizi CP: Superficial siderosis of the brain: roles for cerebrospinal fluid circulation, iron and the hydroxyl radical. Med Hypotheses. 47(4):261-4, 1996
Offenbacher H et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: MRI findings and clinical significance. Neuroradiology. 38 Suppl 1:S51-6, 1996
Bracchi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS: MR diagnosis and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):227-36, 1993
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Cerebellopontine angle (CPA)
Internal auditory canal (IAC)
Superficial siderosis (SS)
Synonyms
Siderosis, CNS siderosis
Definitions
Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes hemosiderin deposition on surface of brain, brainstem, and cranial nerve leptomeninges
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Albayram MS et al: Frequency, extent, and correlates of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis in premature infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage: an SWI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(2):331-7, 2020
Friedauer L et al: Spinal dural leaks in patients with infratentorial superficial siderosis of the central nervous system-refinement of a diagnostic algorithm. Eur J Neurol. ePub, 2020
Alshehabi M et al: Cochlear implantation in the presence of superficial siderosis. Clin Otolaryngol. 44(6):1166-9, 2019
Wagner F et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: neurotological findings related to magnetic resonance imaging. Otol Neurotol. 40(1):31-7, 2019
Beitzke M et al: Acute diffusion-weighted imaging lesions in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 38(2):225-9, 2018
Takeda T et al: Vestibular dysfunction in patients with superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Otol Neurotol. 39(6):e468-74, 2018
Wipplinger C et al: Superficial siderosis of central nervous system as primary clinical manifestation secondary to intradural thoracic disk herniation. World Neurosurg. 119:40-4, 2018
Pichler M et al: Prevalence and natural history of superficial siderosis: a population-based study. Stroke. 48(12):3210-14, 2017
Lauer A et al: Microbleeds on MRI are associated with microinfarcts on autopsy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 87(14):1488-92, 2016
Charidimou A et al: Cortical superficial siderosis: detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related conditions. Brain. 138(Pt 8):2126-39, 2015
Kishimoto I et al: Clinical features of rapidly progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 134(1):58-65, 2014
Tyler GK et al: Systematic review of outcome of cochlear implantation in superficial siderosis. Otol Neurotol. 33(6):976-82, 2012
Nadol JB Jr et al: Temporal bone histopathology in a case of sensorineural hearing loss caused by superficial siderosis of the central nervous system and treated by cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 32(5):748-55, 2011
Linn J et al: Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 74(17):1346-50, 2010
Koeppen AH et al: The pathology of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 116(4):371-82, 2008
Kumar N et al: Superficial siderosis. Neurology. 66(8):1144-52, 2006
Leussink VI et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: pathogenetic heterogeneity and therapeutic approaches. Acta Neurol Scand. 107(1):54-61, 2003
Dhooge IJ et al: Cochlear implantation in a patient with superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Otol Neurotol. 23(4):468-72, 2002
Hsu WC et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS associated with multiple cavernous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(7):1245-8, 1999
Weller M et al: Elevated CSF lactoferrin in superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. J Neurol. 246(10):943-5, 1999
Lemmerling M et al: Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroradiology. 40(5):312-4, 1998
Castelli ML et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underestimated cause of hearing loss. J Laryngol Otol. 111(1):60-2, 1997
Maurizi CP: Superficial siderosis of the brain: roles for cerebrospinal fluid circulation, iron and the hydroxyl radical. Med Hypotheses. 47(4):261-4, 1996
Offenbacher H et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: MRI findings and clinical significance. Neuroradiology. 38 Suppl 1:S51-6, 1996
Bracchi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS: MR diagnosis and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):227-36, 1993
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