Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Beckmann NM et al: Accuracy of craniocervical measurements on CT for identifying partial or complete craniocervical ligament injuries in pediatric patients. Skeletal Radiol. 50(1):159-69, 2021
Fiester P et al: Pediatric retroclival epidural hematoma in the acute trauma setting: a sign of tectorial membrane stripping injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(6):1641-8, 2021
Beckmann NM et al: Epidemiology and imaging classification of pediatric cervical spine injuries: 12-year experience at a level 1 trauma center. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 214(6):1359-68, 2020
McAllister AS et al: Emergent imaging of pediatric cervical spine trauma. Radiographics. 39(4):1126-42, 2019
Goldstein HE et al: Classification and management of pediatric craniocervical injuries. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 28(1):73-90, 2017
Corcoran B et al: Application of normative occipital condyle-C1 interval measurements to detect atlanto-occipital injury in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):958-62, 2016
Smith P et al: Normal development and measurements of the occipital condyle-C1 interval in children and young adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):952-7, 2016
Dorney K et al: Outcomes of pediatric patients with persistent midline cervical spine tenderness and negative imaging result after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 79(5):822-7, 2015
Hannon M et al: Pediatric cervical spine injury evaluation after blunt trauma: a clinical decision analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 65(3):239-47, 2015
Vachhrajani S et al: Estimation of normal computed tomography measurements for the upper cervical spine in the pediatric age group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(4):425-33, 2014
Astur N et al: Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children: evaluation, treatment, and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(24):e194(1-8), 2013
Gargas J et al: An analysis of cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging findings after normal computed tomographic imaging findings in pediatric trauma patients: ten-year experience of a level I pediatric trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 74(4):1102-7, 2013
Henry M et al: A retrospective comparison of CT and MRI in detecting pediatric cervical spine injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(8):1333-8, 2013
Booth TN: Cervical spine evaluation in pediatric trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W417-25, 2012
Chung S et al: Trauma association of Canada Pediatric Subcommittee National Pediatric Cervical Spine Evaluation Pathway: consensus guidelines. J Trauma. 70(4):873-84, 2011
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Beckmann NM et al: Accuracy of craniocervical measurements on CT for identifying partial or complete craniocervical ligament injuries in pediatric patients. Skeletal Radiol. 50(1):159-69, 2021
Fiester P et al: Pediatric retroclival epidural hematoma in the acute trauma setting: a sign of tectorial membrane stripping injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 216(6):1641-8, 2021
Beckmann NM et al: Epidemiology and imaging classification of pediatric cervical spine injuries: 12-year experience at a level 1 trauma center. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 214(6):1359-68, 2020
McAllister AS et al: Emergent imaging of pediatric cervical spine trauma. Radiographics. 39(4):1126-42, 2019
Goldstein HE et al: Classification and management of pediatric craniocervical injuries. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 28(1):73-90, 2017
Corcoran B et al: Application of normative occipital condyle-C1 interval measurements to detect atlanto-occipital injury in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):958-62, 2016
Smith P et al: Normal development and measurements of the occipital condyle-C1 interval in children and young adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):952-7, 2016
Dorney K et al: Outcomes of pediatric patients with persistent midline cervical spine tenderness and negative imaging result after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 79(5):822-7, 2015
Hannon M et al: Pediatric cervical spine injury evaluation after blunt trauma: a clinical decision analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 65(3):239-47, 2015
Vachhrajani S et al: Estimation of normal computed tomography measurements for the upper cervical spine in the pediatric age group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(4):425-33, 2014
Astur N et al: Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children: evaluation, treatment, and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(24):e194(1-8), 2013
Gargas J et al: An analysis of cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging findings after normal computed tomographic imaging findings in pediatric trauma patients: ten-year experience of a level I pediatric trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 74(4):1102-7, 2013
Henry M et al: A retrospective comparison of CT and MRI in detecting pediatric cervical spine injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(8):1333-8, 2013
Booth TN: Cervical spine evaluation in pediatric trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W417-25, 2012
Chung S et al: Trauma association of Canada Pediatric Subcommittee National Pediatric Cervical Spine Evaluation Pathway: consensus guidelines. J Trauma. 70(4):873-84, 2011