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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Craniocervical junction (CCJ) injuries
Definitions
- Traumatic injury to upper cervical region: Occiput to C2
- Much more common in 1st decade than in older children & adults
- Traumatic injury to upper cervical region: Occiput to C2
Types of CCJ Injuries
- Atlantooccipital dissociation (AOD)
- (a.k.a. atlantooccipital dislocation; occipitocervical dissociation)
- Atlantoaxial dissociation
- (a.k.a. atlantoaxial dislocation)
- Jefferson fracture (C1 ring)
- Odontoid (C2) fracture
- Hangman (C2) fracture
- Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation
- Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
- Atlantooccipital dissociation (AOD)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Corcoran B et al: Application of normative occipital condyle-C1 interval measurements to detect atlanto-occipital injury in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):958-62, 2016
- Smith P et al: Normal development and measurements of the occipital condyle-C1 interval in children and young adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):952-7, 2016
- Dorney K et al: Outcomes of pediatric patients with persistent midline cervical spine tenderness and negative imaging result after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 79(5):822-7, 2015
- Hannon M et al: Pediatric cervical spine injury evaluation after blunt trauma: a clinical decision analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 65(3):239-47, 2015
- Vachhrajani S et al: Estimation of normal computed tomography measurements for the upper cervical spine in the pediatric age group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(4):425-33, 2014
- Astur N et al: Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children: evaluation, treatment, and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(24):e194(1-8), 2013
- Gargas J et al: An analysis of cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging findings after normal computed tomographic imaging findings in pediatric trauma patients: ten-year experience of a level I pediatric trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 74(4):1102-7, 2013
- Henry M et al: A retrospective comparison of CT and MRI in detecting pediatric cervical spine injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(8):1333-8, 2013
- Booth TN: Cervical spine evaluation in pediatric trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W417-25, 2012
- Chung S et al: Trauma association of Canada Pediatric Subcommittee National Pediatric Cervical Spine Evaluation Pathway: consensus guidelines. J Trauma. 70(4):873-84, 2011
- Junewick JJ: Pediatric craniocervical junction injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(5):1003-10, 2011
- Leonard JC et al: Factors associated with cervical spine injury in children after blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 58(2):145-55, 2011
- Junewick JJ: Cervical spine injuries in pediatrics: are children small adults or not? Pediatr Radiol. 40(4):493-8, 2010
- Bertozzi JC et al: Evaluation of the pediatric craniocervical junction on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(1):26-31, 2009
- Junewick JJ et al: Occult injury of the pediatric craniocervical junction. Emerg Radiol. 16(6):483-8, 2009
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Craniocervical junction (CCJ) injuries
Definitions
- Traumatic injury to upper cervical region: Occiput to C2
- Much more common in 1st decade than in older children & adults
- Traumatic injury to upper cervical region: Occiput to C2
Types of CCJ Injuries
- Atlantooccipital dissociation (AOD)
- (a.k.a. atlantooccipital dislocation; occipitocervical dissociation)
- Atlantoaxial dissociation
- (a.k.a. atlantoaxial dislocation)
- Jefferson fracture (C1 ring)
- Odontoid (C2) fracture
- Hangman (C2) fracture
- Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation
- Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
- Atlantooccipital dissociation (AOD)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Corcoran B et al: Application of normative occipital condyle-C1 interval measurements to detect atlanto-occipital injury in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):958-62, 2016
- Smith P et al: Normal development and measurements of the occipital condyle-C1 interval in children and young adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(5):952-7, 2016
- Dorney K et al: Outcomes of pediatric patients with persistent midline cervical spine tenderness and negative imaging result after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 79(5):822-7, 2015
- Hannon M et al: Pediatric cervical spine injury evaluation after blunt trauma: a clinical decision analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 65(3):239-47, 2015
- Vachhrajani S et al: Estimation of normal computed tomography measurements for the upper cervical spine in the pediatric age group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(4):425-33, 2014
- Astur N et al: Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children: evaluation, treatment, and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(24):e194(1-8), 2013
- Gargas J et al: An analysis of cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging findings after normal computed tomographic imaging findings in pediatric trauma patients: ten-year experience of a level I pediatric trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 74(4):1102-7, 2013
- Henry M et al: A retrospective comparison of CT and MRI in detecting pediatric cervical spine injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(8):1333-8, 2013
- Booth TN: Cervical spine evaluation in pediatric trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W417-25, 2012
- Chung S et al: Trauma association of Canada Pediatric Subcommittee National Pediatric Cervical Spine Evaluation Pathway: consensus guidelines. J Trauma. 70(4):873-84, 2011
- Junewick JJ: Pediatric craniocervical junction injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(5):1003-10, 2011
- Leonard JC et al: Factors associated with cervical spine injury in children after blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 58(2):145-55, 2011
- Junewick JJ: Cervical spine injuries in pediatrics: are children small adults or not? Pediatr Radiol. 40(4):493-8, 2010
- Bertozzi JC et al: Evaluation of the pediatric craniocervical junction on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(1):26-31, 2009
- Junewick JJ et al: Occult injury of the pediatric craniocervical junction. Emerg Radiol. 16(6):483-8, 2009
