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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Craniovertebral junction (CVJ), craniocerebral junction (CCJ)
Synonyms
- CVJ anomalies, CCJ variants or anomalies
Definitions
- Anatomic variations of skull base-upper cervical spine articulation
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Basaran R et al: Morphometric analysis of posterior fossa and craniovertebral junction in subtypes of Chiari malformation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 169:1-11, 2018
- Gaunt T et al: Abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction in the paediatric population: a novel biomechanical approach. Clin Radiol. 73(10):839-54, 2018
- Menezes AH: Nosographic identification and management of pediatric craniovertebral junction anomalies: evolution of concepts and modalities of treatment. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 40:3-18, 2014
- Natung T et al: Symmetrical chorioretinal colobomata with craniovertebral junction anomalies in CHARGE syndrome - a case report with review of literature. J Clin Imaging Sci. 4:5, 2014
- Shetty SR et al: Neurenteric cyst at the craniovertebral junction: a report of two cases. Asian J Neurosurg. 8(4):188-91, 2013
- Tubbs RS et al: Hypoplastic occipital condyle and third occipital condyle: review of their dysembryology. Clin Anat. 26(8):928-32, 2013
- Menezes AH: Craniocervical fusions in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(6):573-85, 2012
- Muhleman M et al: The proatlas: a comprehensive review with clinical implications. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(3):349-56, 2012
- Hankinson TC et al: Craniovertebral junction abnormalities in Down syndrome. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):32-8, 2010
- Smith JS et al: Basilar invagination. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):39-47, 2010
- Menezes AH et al: Remnants of occipital vertebrae: proatlas segmentation abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 64(5):945-53; discussion 954, 2009
- Menezes AH et al: Anatomy and biomechanics of normal craniovertebral junction (a) and biomechanics of stabilization (b). Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1091-100, 2008
- Menezes AH: Craniocervical developmental anatomy and its implications. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1109-22, 2008
- Smoker WR et al: Imaging the craniocervical junction. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1123-45, 2008
- Naderi S et al: Anatomical and computed tomographic analysis of C1 vertebra. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 105(4):245-8, 2003
- Perez-Vallina JR et al: Congenital anomaly of craniovertebral junction: atlas-dens fusion with C1 anterior arch cleft. J Spinal Disord Tech. 15(1):84-7, 2002
- Kim FM: Developmental anomalies of the craniocervical junction and cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):651-74, 2000
- Smoker WR: MR imaging of the craniovertebral junction. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):635-50, 2000
- Taitz C: Bony observations of some morphological variations and anomalies of the craniovertebral region. Clin Anat. 13(5):354-60, 2000
- Iwata A et al: Foramen magnum syndrome caused by atlanto-occipital assimilation. J Neurol Sci. 154(2):229-31, 1998
- Menezes AH: Craniovertebral junction anomalies: diagnosis and management. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 4(3):209-23, 1997
- Menezes AH: Primary craniovertebral anomalies and the hindbrain herniation syndrome (Chiari I): data base analysis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 23(5):260-9, 1995
- Erbengi A et al: Congenital malformations of the craniovertebral junction: classification and surgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 127(3-4):180-5, 1994
- Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 14(2):255-77, 1994
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Craniovertebral junction (CVJ), craniocerebral junction (CCJ)
Synonyms
- CVJ anomalies, CCJ variants or anomalies
Definitions
- Anatomic variations of skull base-upper cervical spine articulation
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Basaran R et al: Morphometric analysis of posterior fossa and craniovertebral junction in subtypes of Chiari malformation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 169:1-11, 2018
- Gaunt T et al: Abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction in the paediatric population: a novel biomechanical approach. Clin Radiol. 73(10):839-54, 2018
- Menezes AH: Nosographic identification and management of pediatric craniovertebral junction anomalies: evolution of concepts and modalities of treatment. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 40:3-18, 2014
- Natung T et al: Symmetrical chorioretinal colobomata with craniovertebral junction anomalies in CHARGE syndrome - a case report with review of literature. J Clin Imaging Sci. 4:5, 2014
- Shetty SR et al: Neurenteric cyst at the craniovertebral junction: a report of two cases. Asian J Neurosurg. 8(4):188-91, 2013
- Tubbs RS et al: Hypoplastic occipital condyle and third occipital condyle: review of their dysembryology. Clin Anat. 26(8):928-32, 2013
- Menezes AH: Craniocervical fusions in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 9(6):573-85, 2012
- Muhleman M et al: The proatlas: a comprehensive review with clinical implications. Childs Nerv Syst. 28(3):349-56, 2012
- Hankinson TC et al: Craniovertebral junction abnormalities in Down syndrome. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):32-8, 2010
- Smith JS et al: Basilar invagination. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):39-47, 2010
- Menezes AH et al: Remnants of occipital vertebrae: proatlas segmentation abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 64(5):945-53; discussion 954, 2009
- Menezes AH et al: Anatomy and biomechanics of normal craniovertebral junction (a) and biomechanics of stabilization (b). Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1091-100, 2008
- Menezes AH: Craniocervical developmental anatomy and its implications. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1109-22, 2008
- Smoker WR et al: Imaging the craniocervical junction. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1123-45, 2008
- Naderi S et al: Anatomical and computed tomographic analysis of C1 vertebra. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 105(4):245-8, 2003
- Perez-Vallina JR et al: Congenital anomaly of craniovertebral junction: atlas-dens fusion with C1 anterior arch cleft. J Spinal Disord Tech. 15(1):84-7, 2002
- Kim FM: Developmental anomalies of the craniocervical junction and cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):651-74, 2000
- Smoker WR: MR imaging of the craniovertebral junction. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):635-50, 2000
- Taitz C: Bony observations of some morphological variations and anomalies of the craniovertebral region. Clin Anat. 13(5):354-60, 2000
- Iwata A et al: Foramen magnum syndrome caused by atlanto-occipital assimilation. J Neurol Sci. 154(2):229-31, 1998
- Menezes AH: Craniovertebral junction anomalies: diagnosis and management. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 4(3):209-23, 1997
- Menezes AH: Primary craniovertebral anomalies and the hindbrain herniation syndrome (Chiari I): data base analysis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 23(5):260-9, 1995
- Erbengi A et al: Congenital malformations of the craniovertebral junction: classification and surgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 127(3-4):180-5, 1994
- Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 14(2):255-77, 1994
