Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
- Carcinomatous meningitis
- Neoplastic meningitis
- Drop metastases
Definitions
- Spread of malignant tumor through subarachnoid spaces of brain and spine
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Diaz-Aguilar D et al: Simultaneous cerebrospinal fluid and hematologic metastases in a high-grade ependymoma. Surg Neurol Int. 9:93, 2018
- Tanaka H et al: Embryonal brain tumor with unknown primary lesion and massive cerebrospinal fluid dissemination: a case report. J Clin Neurosci. 54:125-8, 2018
- Utz MJ et al: Contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences have greater sensitivity for detection of leptomeningeal metastases in pediatric brain tumors compared with conventional spoiled gradient echo sequences. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 40(4):316-9, 2018
- Yao H et al: Leukaemia hijacks a neural mechanism to invade the central nervous system. Nature. 560(7716):55-60, 2018
- Kralik SF et al: Radiological diagnosis of drop metastases from paediatric brain tumours using combination of 2D and 3D MRI sequences. Clin Radiol. 72(10):902.e13-902.e19, 2017
- Alvarez de Eulate-Beramendi S et al: Delayed leptomeningeal and subependymal seeding after multiple surgeries for supratentorial diffuse low-grade gliomas in adults. J Neurosurg. 120(4):833-9, 2014
- Chamberlain M et al: Leptomeningeal metastasis: a response assessment in neuro-oncology critical review of endpoints and response criteria of published randomized clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 16(9):1176-85, 2014
- Knafo S et al: Intradural extramedullary spinal metastases of non-neurogenic origin: a distinct clinical entity or a subtype of leptomeningeal metastasis? A case-control study. Neurosurgery. 73(6):923-31; discussion 932, 2013
- Scott BJ et al: Leptomeningeal metastases in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 3(2):117-26, 2013
- Lawton CD et al: Leptomeningeal spinal metastases from glioblastoma multiforme: treatment and management of an uncommon manifestation of disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 17(5):438-48, 2012
- Groves MD: Leptomeningeal disease. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 22(1):67-78, vii, 2011
- Clarke JL et al: Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era. Neurology. 74(18):1449-54, 2010
- Mahendru G et al: Meninges in cancer imaging. Cancer Imaging. 9 Spec No A:S14-21, 2009
- Chamberlain MC: Neoplastic meningitis. Oncologist. 13(9):967-77, 2008
- Lindsay A et al: Spinal leptomeningeal metastases following glioblastoma multiforme treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Neurosci. 9(6):725-8, 2002
- Singh SK et al: MR imaging of leptomeningeal metastases: comparison of three sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(5):817-21, 2002
- Collie DA et al: Imaging features of leptomeningeal metastases. Clin Radiol. 54(11):765-71, 1999
- Straathof CS et al: The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in leptomeningeal metastasis. J Neurol. 246(9):810-4, 1999
- van der Ree TC et al: Leptomeningeal metastasis after surgical resection of brain metastases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 66(2):225-7, 1999
- Chamberlain MC: Radioisotope CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol. 38(2-3):135-40, 1998
- Formaglio F et al: Meningeal metastases: clinical aspects and diagnosis. Ital J Neurol Sci. 19(3): 133-49, 1998
- Gomori JM et al: Leptomeningeal metastases: evaluation by gadolinium enhanced spinal magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurooncol. 36(1):55-60, 1998
- Kallmes DF et al: High-dose gadolinium-enhanced MRI for diagnosis of meningeal metastases. Neuroradiology. 40(1):23-6, 1998
- Chamberlain MC et al: Carcinomatous meningitis secondary to breast cancer: predictors of response to combined modality therapy. J Neurooncol. 35(1):55-64, 1997
- Chamberlain MC: Comparative spine imaging in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol. 23(3):233-8, 1995
- Freilich RJ et al: Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis. Ann Neurol. 38(1):51-7, 1995
- Glantz MJ et al: Diagnosis, management, and survival of patients with leptomeningeal cancer based on cerebrospinal fluid-flow status. Cancer. 75(12):2919-31, 1995
- Heinz R et al: Detection of cerebrospinal fluid metastasis: CT myelography or MR? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(5):1147-51, 1995
- Chua SL et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of leptomeningeal metastases to the spine. Singapore Med J. 34(3): 253-6, 1993
- Watanabe M et al: Correlation of MRI and clinical features in meningeal carcinomatosis. Neuroradiology. 35(7):512-5, 1993
- Lossos A et al: Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol. 12(2):167-71, 1992
- Schuknecht B et al: Spinal leptomeningeal neoplastic disease. Evaluation by MR, myelography and CT myelography. Eur Neurol. 32(1):11-6, 1992
- Yousem DM et al: Leptomeningeal metastases: MR evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 14(2):255-61, 1990
- Davis PC et al: Leptomeningeal metastasis: MR imaging. Radiology. 163(2):449-54, 1987
- Freeman CR et al: Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. Cancer. 58(5):1106-11, 1986
- Weissman DE et al: Simultaneous leptomeningeal and intramedullary spinal metastases in small cell lung carcinoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 14(1):54-6, 1986
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
- Carcinomatous meningitis
- Neoplastic meningitis
- Drop metastases
Definitions
- Spread of malignant tumor through subarachnoid spaces of brain and spine
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Diaz-Aguilar D et al: Simultaneous cerebrospinal fluid and hematologic metastases in a high-grade ependymoma. Surg Neurol Int. 9:93, 2018
- Tanaka H et al: Embryonal brain tumor with unknown primary lesion and massive cerebrospinal fluid dissemination: a case report. J Clin Neurosci. 54:125-8, 2018
- Utz MJ et al: Contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences have greater sensitivity for detection of leptomeningeal metastases in pediatric brain tumors compared with conventional spoiled gradient echo sequences. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 40(4):316-9, 2018
- Yao H et al: Leukaemia hijacks a neural mechanism to invade the central nervous system. Nature. 560(7716):55-60, 2018
- Kralik SF et al: Radiological diagnosis of drop metastases from paediatric brain tumours using combination of 2D and 3D MRI sequences. Clin Radiol. 72(10):902.e13-902.e19, 2017
- Alvarez de Eulate-Beramendi S et al: Delayed leptomeningeal and subependymal seeding after multiple surgeries for supratentorial diffuse low-grade gliomas in adults. J Neurosurg. 120(4):833-9, 2014
- Chamberlain M et al: Leptomeningeal metastasis: a response assessment in neuro-oncology critical review of endpoints and response criteria of published randomized clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 16(9):1176-85, 2014
- Knafo S et al: Intradural extramedullary spinal metastases of non-neurogenic origin: a distinct clinical entity or a subtype of leptomeningeal metastasis? A case-control study. Neurosurgery. 73(6):923-31; discussion 932, 2013
- Scott BJ et al: Leptomeningeal metastases in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 3(2):117-26, 2013
- Lawton CD et al: Leptomeningeal spinal metastases from glioblastoma multiforme: treatment and management of an uncommon manifestation of disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 17(5):438-48, 2012
- Groves MD: Leptomeningeal disease. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 22(1):67-78, vii, 2011
- Clarke JL et al: Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era. Neurology. 74(18):1449-54, 2010
- Mahendru G et al: Meninges in cancer imaging. Cancer Imaging. 9 Spec No A:S14-21, 2009
- Chamberlain MC: Neoplastic meningitis. Oncologist. 13(9):967-77, 2008
- Lindsay A et al: Spinal leptomeningeal metastases following glioblastoma multiforme treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Neurosci. 9(6):725-8, 2002
- Singh SK et al: MR imaging of leptomeningeal metastases: comparison of three sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(5):817-21, 2002
- Collie DA et al: Imaging features of leptomeningeal metastases. Clin Radiol. 54(11):765-71, 1999
- Straathof CS et al: The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in leptomeningeal metastasis. J Neurol. 246(9):810-4, 1999
- van der Ree TC et al: Leptomeningeal metastasis after surgical resection of brain metastases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 66(2):225-7, 1999
- Chamberlain MC: Radioisotope CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol. 38(2-3):135-40, 1998
- Formaglio F et al: Meningeal metastases: clinical aspects and diagnosis. Ital J Neurol Sci. 19(3): 133-49, 1998
- Gomori JM et al: Leptomeningeal metastases: evaluation by gadolinium enhanced spinal magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurooncol. 36(1):55-60, 1998
- Kallmes DF et al: High-dose gadolinium-enhanced MRI for diagnosis of meningeal metastases. Neuroradiology. 40(1):23-6, 1998
- Chamberlain MC et al: Carcinomatous meningitis secondary to breast cancer: predictors of response to combined modality therapy. J Neurooncol. 35(1):55-64, 1997
- Chamberlain MC: Comparative spine imaging in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol. 23(3):233-8, 1995
- Freilich RJ et al: Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis. Ann Neurol. 38(1):51-7, 1995
- Glantz MJ et al: Diagnosis, management, and survival of patients with leptomeningeal cancer based on cerebrospinal fluid-flow status. Cancer. 75(12):2919-31, 1995
- Heinz R et al: Detection of cerebrospinal fluid metastasis: CT myelography or MR? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(5):1147-51, 1995
- Chua SL et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of leptomeningeal metastases to the spine. Singapore Med J. 34(3): 253-6, 1993
- Watanabe M et al: Correlation of MRI and clinical features in meningeal carcinomatosis. Neuroradiology. 35(7):512-5, 1993
- Lossos A et al: Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol. 12(2):167-71, 1992
- Schuknecht B et al: Spinal leptomeningeal neoplastic disease. Evaluation by MR, myelography and CT myelography. Eur Neurol. 32(1):11-6, 1992
- Yousem DM et al: Leptomeningeal metastases: MR evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 14(2):255-61, 1990
- Davis PC et al: Leptomeningeal metastasis: MR imaging. Radiology. 163(2):449-54, 1987
- Freeman CR et al: Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. Cancer. 58(5):1106-11, 1986
- Weissman DE et al: Simultaneous leptomeningeal and intramedullary spinal metastases in small cell lung carcinoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 14(1):54-6, 1986
