Acute demyelinating disease caused by antibodies to MOG
Extensive clinical overlap with ADEM & NMOSD
Lyme disease
CNS inflammation associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Chhabda S et al: Relapsing demyelinating syndromes in children: a practical review of neuroradiological mimics. Front Neurol. 11:627, 2020
Padilha IG et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 50(6):776-92, 2020
Bulut E et al: Brain MRI findings in pediatric-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: challenges in differentiation from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(4):726-31, 2019
Galardi MM et al: Differential diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Children (Basel). 6(6), 2019
Lana-Peixoto MA et al: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-MOG syndromes. Biomedicines. 7(2), 2019
Troxell RM et al: Atypical pediatric demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 19(12):95, 2019
Reich DS et al: Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 378(2):169-80, 2018
Berzero G et al: Diagnosis and therapy of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and its variants. Expert Rev Neurother. 16(1):83-101, 2016
Faguy K: Multiple sclerosis: an update. Radiol Technol. 87(5):529-50, 2016
Filippi M et al: MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 15(3):292-303, 2016
Borchers AT et al: Lyme disease: a rigorous review of diagnostic criteria and treatment. J Autoimmun. 57:82-115, 2015
Koelman DL et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: current controversies in diagnosis and outcome. J Neurol. 262(9):2013-24, 2015
Wingerchuk DM et al: International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 85(2):177-89, 2015
Flanagan EP et al: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 14(9):483, 2014
Ketelslegers IA et al: A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology. 74(18):1412-5, 2010
VanLandingham M et al: An uncommon illness with a rare presentation: neurosurgical management of ADEM with tumefactive demyelination in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 26(5):655-61, 2010
Calabrese M et al: Cortical lesions in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 2-year longitudinal MR study. Neurology. 72(15):1330-6, 2009
Callen DJ et al: Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology. 72(11):968-73, 2009
Filippi M et al: Conventional MRI in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 17 Suppl 1:3S-9S, 2007
Janardhan V et al: Multiple sclerosis: hyperintense lesions in the brain on nonenhanced T1-weighted MR images evidenced as areas of T1 shortening. Radiology. 244(3):823-31, 2007
Traboulsee AL et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol. 98:125-46, 2006
Polman CH et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald Criteria". Ann Neurol. 58(6):840-6, 2005
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Acquired demyelinating processes characterized by inflammation
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Demyelinating disease characterized by multiple lesions disseminated in time & space
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Acute demyelinating disease with encephalopathy, without NMOSD or anti-MOG-associated antibodies
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)
Inflammatory CNS disease caused by antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) on astrocytic end feet
Clinically characterized by optic neuritis & transverse myelitis
Acute demyelinating disease caused by antibodies to MOG
Extensive clinical overlap with ADEM & NMOSD
Lyme disease
CNS inflammation associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Chhabda S et al: Relapsing demyelinating syndromes in children: a practical review of neuroradiological mimics. Front Neurol. 11:627, 2020
Padilha IG et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 50(6):776-92, 2020
Bulut E et al: Brain MRI findings in pediatric-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: challenges in differentiation from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(4):726-31, 2019
Galardi MM et al: Differential diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Children (Basel). 6(6), 2019
Lana-Peixoto MA et al: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-MOG syndromes. Biomedicines. 7(2), 2019
Troxell RM et al: Atypical pediatric demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 19(12):95, 2019
Reich DS et al: Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 378(2):169-80, 2018
Berzero G et al: Diagnosis and therapy of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and its variants. Expert Rev Neurother. 16(1):83-101, 2016
Faguy K: Multiple sclerosis: an update. Radiol Technol. 87(5):529-50, 2016
Filippi M et al: MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 15(3):292-303, 2016
Borchers AT et al: Lyme disease: a rigorous review of diagnostic criteria and treatment. J Autoimmun. 57:82-115, 2015
Koelman DL et al: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: current controversies in diagnosis and outcome. J Neurol. 262(9):2013-24, 2015
Wingerchuk DM et al: International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 85(2):177-89, 2015
Flanagan EP et al: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 14(9):483, 2014
Ketelslegers IA et al: A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology. 74(18):1412-5, 2010
VanLandingham M et al: An uncommon illness with a rare presentation: neurosurgical management of ADEM with tumefactive demyelination in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 26(5):655-61, 2010
Calabrese M et al: Cortical lesions in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 2-year longitudinal MR study. Neurology. 72(15):1330-6, 2009
Callen DJ et al: Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology. 72(11):968-73, 2009
Filippi M et al: Conventional MRI in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 17 Suppl 1:3S-9S, 2007
Janardhan V et al: Multiple sclerosis: hyperintense lesions in the brain on nonenhanced T1-weighted MR images evidenced as areas of T1 shortening. Radiology. 244(3):823-31, 2007
Traboulsee AL et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol. 98:125-46, 2006
Polman CH et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald Criteria". Ann Neurol. 58(6):840-6, 2005
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