Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTCa)
Definitions
- Malignancy arising from epithelial thyroid cells with well-defined histology
- Papillary or follicular with multiple variants
- Papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma
- Tall cell, insular, and follicular (mixed) variants
- Follicular carcinoma, follicular adenocarcinoma
- Hürthle cell variant
- Malignancy arising from epithelial thyroid cells with well-defined histology
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Brauckhoff K et al: Multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 27(5):335-44, 2020
- Ciarallo A et al: Radioactive iodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer: 2020 update. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 215(2):285-91, 2020
- Debnam JM et al: Distinguishing recurrent thyroid cancer from residual nonmalignant thyroid tissue using multiphasic multidetector CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(5):844-51, 2020
- Hoang JK et al: Managing incidental thyroid nodules detected on imaging: white paper of the ACR Incidental Thyroid Findings Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 12(2):143-50, 2015
- Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer, 2017
- Noda Y et al: MRI of the thyroid for differential diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules and papillary carcinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(3):W332-5, 2015
- Samir AE et al: Shear-Wave elastography for the preoperative risk stratification of follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid: diagnostic accuracy and optimal measurement plane. Radiology. 277(2):565-73, 2015
- Zhang Y et al: Diagnostic radiography exposure increases the risk for thyroid microcarcinoma: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 24(5):439-46, 2015
- Trybek T et al: The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with suspected recurrence or metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma with elevated serum thyroglobulin and negative I-131 whole body scan. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 17(2):87-93, 2014
- Glazer DI et al: SPECT/CT evaluation of unusual physiologic radioiodine biodistributions: pearls and pitfalls in image interpretation. Radiographics. 33(2):397-418, 2013
- Kato H et al: Necrotic cervical nodes: usefulness of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation of suppurative lymphadenitis from malignancy. Eur J Radiol. 82(1):e28-35, 2013
- Saindane AM: Pitfalls in the staging of cancer of thyroid. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(1):123-45, 2013
- Xue YL et al: Value of ¹³¹I SPECT/CT for the evaluation of differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 40(5):768-78, 2013
- Aiken AH: Imaging of thyroid cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(2):138-49, 2012
- Maruoka Y et al: Incremental diagnostic value of SPECT/CT with 131I scintigraphy after radioiodine therapy in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Radiology. 265(3):902-9, 2012
- Seo YL et al: Detection of neck recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: comparison of ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT and (18)F-FDG PET/CT using surgical pathology as a reference standard: (ultrasound vs. CT vs. (18)F-FDG PET/CT in recurrent thyroid cancer). Eur Radiol. 22(10):2246-54, 2012
- Wu LM et al: The accuracy of ultrasonography in the preoperative diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 81(8):1798-805, 2012
- Erdem G et al: Diffusion-weighted images differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging. 31(1):94-100, 2010
- Hall FM: Identification, biopsy, and treatment of poorly understood premalignant, in situ, and indolent low-grade cancers: are we becoming victims of our own success? Radiology. 254(3):655-9, 2010
- Heston TF et al: Molecular imaging in thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 10(1):1-7, 2010
- Mihailovic J et al: MRI versus ¹³¹I whole-body scintigraphy for the detection of lymph node recurrences in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(5):1197-203, 2010
- Moon HJ et al: Can vascularity at power Doppler US help predict thyroid malignancy? Radiology. 255(1):260-9, 2010
- Razfar A et al: Clinical usefulness of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136(2):120-5, 2010
- Wong KK et al: Hybrid SPECT-CT and PET-CT imaging of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 82(982):860-76, 2009
- Agarwal V et al: Indications for PET/CT in the head and neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 41(1):23-49, v, 2008
- Aygun N: Imaging of recurrent thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 41(6):1095-106, viii, 2008
- Johnson NA et al: Postoperative surveillance of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: rationale, techniques, and controversies. Radiology. 249(2):429-44, 2008
- King AD: Imaging for staging and management of thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 8:57-69, 2008
- Loevner LA et al: Cross-sectional imaging of the thyroid gland. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(3):445-61, vii, 2008
- Newman JG et al: Surgical approaches in thyroid cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(3):491-504, viii, 2008
- Rutherford GC et al: Nuclear medicine in the assessment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Radiol. 63(4):453-63, 2008
- Miyakoshi A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of thyroid cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):293-302, 2007
- Cohen EG et al: Postoperative management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 36(1):129-57, 2003
- Kinder BK: Well differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 15(1):71-7, 2003
- Gross ND et al: MRI detection of cervical metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 111(11 Pt 1):1905-9, 2001
- Frilling A et al: Value of preoperative diagnostic modalities in patients with recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 128(6):1067-74, 2000
- Leger AF et al: Upper retropharyngeal node involvement in differentiated thyroid carcinoma demonstrated by 131I scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 73(876):1260-4, 2000
- Muros MA et al: Utility of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in differentiated thyroid carcinoma with negative radioiodine scans and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels. Am J Surg. 179(6):457-61, 2000
- Takashima S et al: Differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Prediction of tumor invasion with MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 41(4):377-83, 2000
- Weber AL et al: The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings. Radiol Clin North Am. 38(5): 1105-29, 2000
- Mazzaferri EL: An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 9(5):421-7, 1999
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTCa)
Definitions
- Malignancy arising from epithelial thyroid cells with well-defined histology
- Papillary or follicular with multiple variants
- Papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma
- Tall cell, insular, and follicular (mixed) variants
- Follicular carcinoma, follicular adenocarcinoma
- Hürthle cell variant
- Malignancy arising from epithelial thyroid cells with well-defined histology
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Brauckhoff K et al: Multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 27(5):335-44, 2020
- Ciarallo A et al: Radioactive iodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer: 2020 update. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 215(2):285-91, 2020
- Debnam JM et al: Distinguishing recurrent thyroid cancer from residual nonmalignant thyroid tissue using multiphasic multidetector CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(5):844-51, 2020
- Hoang JK et al: Managing incidental thyroid nodules detected on imaging: white paper of the ACR Incidental Thyroid Findings Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 12(2):143-50, 2015
- Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer, 2017
- Noda Y et al: MRI of the thyroid for differential diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules and papillary carcinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(3):W332-5, 2015
- Samir AE et al: Shear-Wave elastography for the preoperative risk stratification of follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid: diagnostic accuracy and optimal measurement plane. Radiology. 277(2):565-73, 2015
- Zhang Y et al: Diagnostic radiography exposure increases the risk for thyroid microcarcinoma: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 24(5):439-46, 2015
- Trybek T et al: The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with suspected recurrence or metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma with elevated serum thyroglobulin and negative I-131 whole body scan. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 17(2):87-93, 2014
- Glazer DI et al: SPECT/CT evaluation of unusual physiologic radioiodine biodistributions: pearls and pitfalls in image interpretation. Radiographics. 33(2):397-418, 2013
- Kato H et al: Necrotic cervical nodes: usefulness of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation of suppurative lymphadenitis from malignancy. Eur J Radiol. 82(1):e28-35, 2013
- Saindane AM: Pitfalls in the staging of cancer of thyroid. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 23(1):123-45, 2013
- Xue YL et al: Value of ¹³¹I SPECT/CT for the evaluation of differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 40(5):768-78, 2013
- Aiken AH: Imaging of thyroid cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(2):138-49, 2012
- Maruoka Y et al: Incremental diagnostic value of SPECT/CT with 131I scintigraphy after radioiodine therapy in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Radiology. 265(3):902-9, 2012
- Seo YL et al: Detection of neck recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: comparison of ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT and (18)F-FDG PET/CT using surgical pathology as a reference standard: (ultrasound vs. CT vs. (18)F-FDG PET/CT in recurrent thyroid cancer). Eur Radiol. 22(10):2246-54, 2012
- Wu LM et al: The accuracy of ultrasonography in the preoperative diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 81(8):1798-805, 2012
- Erdem G et al: Diffusion-weighted images differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging. 31(1):94-100, 2010
- Hall FM: Identification, biopsy, and treatment of poorly understood premalignant, in situ, and indolent low-grade cancers: are we becoming victims of our own success? Radiology. 254(3):655-9, 2010
- Heston TF et al: Molecular imaging in thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 10(1):1-7, 2010
- Mihailovic J et al: MRI versus ¹³¹I whole-body scintigraphy for the detection of lymph node recurrences in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(5):1197-203, 2010
- Moon HJ et al: Can vascularity at power Doppler US help predict thyroid malignancy? Radiology. 255(1):260-9, 2010
- Razfar A et al: Clinical usefulness of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136(2):120-5, 2010
- Wong KK et al: Hybrid SPECT-CT and PET-CT imaging of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 82(982):860-76, 2009
- Agarwal V et al: Indications for PET/CT in the head and neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 41(1):23-49, v, 2008
- Aygun N: Imaging of recurrent thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 41(6):1095-106, viii, 2008
- Johnson NA et al: Postoperative surveillance of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: rationale, techniques, and controversies. Radiology. 249(2):429-44, 2008
- King AD: Imaging for staging and management of thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 8:57-69, 2008
- Loevner LA et al: Cross-sectional imaging of the thyroid gland. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(3):445-61, vii, 2008
- Newman JG et al: Surgical approaches in thyroid cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(3):491-504, viii, 2008
- Rutherford GC et al: Nuclear medicine in the assessment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Radiol. 63(4):453-63, 2008
- Miyakoshi A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of thyroid cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):293-302, 2007
- Cohen EG et al: Postoperative management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 36(1):129-57, 2003
- Kinder BK: Well differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 15(1):71-7, 2003
- Gross ND et al: MRI detection of cervical metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 111(11 Pt 1):1905-9, 2001
- Frilling A et al: Value of preoperative diagnostic modalities in patients with recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 128(6):1067-74, 2000
- Leger AF et al: Upper retropharyngeal node involvement in differentiated thyroid carcinoma demonstrated by 131I scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 73(876):1260-4, 2000
- Muros MA et al: Utility of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in differentiated thyroid carcinoma with negative radioiodine scans and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels. Am J Surg. 179(6):457-61, 2000
- Takashima S et al: Differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Prediction of tumor invasion with MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 41(4):377-83, 2000
- Weber AL et al: The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings. Radiol Clin North Am. 38(5): 1105-29, 2000
- Mazzaferri EL: An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 9(5):421-7, 1999
