If clinically suspicious discharge but negative imaging work-up (including ductogram and MR), patient may undergo major duct excision or ductoscopy
PREPROCEDURE
Indications
Contraindications
Getting Started
PROCEDURE
Patient Position/Location
Equipment Preparation
Procedure Steps
Findings and Reporting
Alternative Procedures/Therapies
POST PROCEDURE
Expected Outcome
Things to Do
Things to Avoid
OUTCOMES
Complications
Pitfalls
Selected References
Bahl M et al: Journal Club: Diagnostic utility of MRI after negative or inconclusive mammography for the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(6):1404-1410, 2017
Berger N et al: Diagnostic performance of MRI versus galactography in women with pathologic nipple discharge: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(2):465-471, 2017
Expert Panel on Breast Imaging:. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Evaluation of Nipple Discharge. J Am Coll Radiol. 14(5S):S138-S153, 2017
Bahl M et al: Reply to "conventional ductography combined with digital breast tomosynthesis for imaging of pathologic nipple discharge". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(2):W45, 2016
Cohen Y: Conventional ductography combined with digital breast tomosynthesis for imaging of pathologic nipple discharge. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(2):W44, 2016
Sheiman LS et al: The in's and out's of ductography: A comprehensive review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 45(1):61-70, 2016
Bahl M et al: Diagnostic value of ultrasound in female patients with nipple discharge. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(1):203-8, 2015
Bahl M et al: Evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge: What is the added diagnostic value of MRI? Ann Surg Oncol. 22 Suppl 3:S435-41, 2015
Nicholson BT et al: 3D-MR ductography and contrast-enhanced MR mammography in patients with suspicious nipple discharge; a feasibility study. Breast J. 21(4):352-62, 2015
Aslam MO et al: Technical innovation: wire guided ductography. Eur J Radiol. 81(7):1543-5, 2012
Morrogh M et al: Lessons learned from 416 cases of nipple discharge of the breast. Am J Surg. 200:73-80, 2010
Woodward S et al: Ensuring excision of intraductal lesions: marker placement at time of ductography. Acad Radiol. 17(11):1444-8, 2010
Carvalho MJ et al: What is the diagnostic value of nipple discharge cytology and galactography in detecting duct pathology? Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 30(5):543-6, 2009
Kim SH et al: Galactography acquired with digital mammography in patients with nipple discharge: a retrospective analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 280(2):217-22, 2009
Reiner CS et al: Can galactography-guided stereotactic, 11-gauge, vacuum-assisted breast biopsy of intraductal lesions serve as an alternative to surgical biopsy? Eur Radiol. 19(12):2878-85, 2009
Berná-Serna JD et al: Galactography without discomfort using lidocaine/prilocaine anesthetic cream. Acta Radiol. 49(1):22-4, 2008
Schwab SA et al: Direct MR galactography: feasibility study. Radiology. 249(1):54-61, 2008
Morrogh M et al: The predictive value of ductography and magnetic resonance imaging in the management of nipple discharge. Ann Surg Oncol. 14(12):3369-77, 2007
Rissanen T et al: Breast sonography in localizing the cause of nipple discharge: comparison with galactography in 52 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 26(8):1031-9, 2007
Bhattarai N et al: Intraductal papilloma: features on MR ductography using a microscopic coil. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(1):44-7, 2006
Cho N et al: Ductographic findings of breast cancer. Korean J Radiol. 6(1):31-6, 2005
Greenberg D et al: Ductography: a pictorial essay of common pathologies. Breast J. 10(5):454-7, 2004
Sakorafas GH: Nipple discharge: current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Rev. 27(5):275-82, 2001
Slawson SH et al: Ductography: how to and what if? Radiographics. 21(1):133-50, 2001
Dawes LG et al: Ductography for nipple discharge: no replacement for ductal excision. Surgery. 124(4):685-91, 1998
Hild F et al: Ductal orientated sonography improves the diagnosis of pathological nipple discharge of the female breast compared with galactography. Eur J Cancer Prev. 7 Suppl 1:S57-62, 1998
Cardenosa G et al: Ductography of the breast: technique and findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 162(5):1081-7, 1994
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Preprocedure
Procedure
Outcomes
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Galactography, ductogram
Definitions
Contrast radiographic examination of mammary ducts performed to identify intraductal lesion(s) in patients with suspicious nipple discharge
If clinically suspicious discharge but negative imaging work-up (including ductogram and MR), patient may undergo major duct excision or ductoscopy
PREPROCEDURE
Indications
Contraindications
Getting Started
PROCEDURE
Patient Position/Location
Equipment Preparation
Procedure Steps
Findings and Reporting
Alternative Procedures/Therapies
POST PROCEDURE
Expected Outcome
Things to Do
Things to Avoid
OUTCOMES
Complications
Pitfalls
Selected References
Bahl M et al: Journal Club: Diagnostic utility of MRI after negative or inconclusive mammography for the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(6):1404-1410, 2017
Berger N et al: Diagnostic performance of MRI versus galactography in women with pathologic nipple discharge: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(2):465-471, 2017
Expert Panel on Breast Imaging:. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Evaluation of Nipple Discharge. J Am Coll Radiol. 14(5S):S138-S153, 2017
Bahl M et al: Reply to "conventional ductography combined with digital breast tomosynthesis for imaging of pathologic nipple discharge". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(2):W45, 2016
Cohen Y: Conventional ductography combined with digital breast tomosynthesis for imaging of pathologic nipple discharge. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(2):W44, 2016
Sheiman LS et al: The in's and out's of ductography: A comprehensive review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 45(1):61-70, 2016
Bahl M et al: Diagnostic value of ultrasound in female patients with nipple discharge. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(1):203-8, 2015
Bahl M et al: Evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge: What is the added diagnostic value of MRI? Ann Surg Oncol. 22 Suppl 3:S435-41, 2015
Nicholson BT et al: 3D-MR ductography and contrast-enhanced MR mammography in patients with suspicious nipple discharge; a feasibility study. Breast J. 21(4):352-62, 2015
Aslam MO et al: Technical innovation: wire guided ductography. Eur J Radiol. 81(7):1543-5, 2012
Morrogh M et al: Lessons learned from 416 cases of nipple discharge of the breast. Am J Surg. 200:73-80, 2010
Woodward S et al: Ensuring excision of intraductal lesions: marker placement at time of ductography. Acad Radiol. 17(11):1444-8, 2010
Carvalho MJ et al: What is the diagnostic value of nipple discharge cytology and galactography in detecting duct pathology? Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 30(5):543-6, 2009
Kim SH et al: Galactography acquired with digital mammography in patients with nipple discharge: a retrospective analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 280(2):217-22, 2009
Reiner CS et al: Can galactography-guided stereotactic, 11-gauge, vacuum-assisted breast biopsy of intraductal lesions serve as an alternative to surgical biopsy? Eur Radiol. 19(12):2878-85, 2009
Berná-Serna JD et al: Galactography without discomfort using lidocaine/prilocaine anesthetic cream. Acta Radiol. 49(1):22-4, 2008
Schwab SA et al: Direct MR galactography: feasibility study. Radiology. 249(1):54-61, 2008
Morrogh M et al: The predictive value of ductography and magnetic resonance imaging in the management of nipple discharge. Ann Surg Oncol. 14(12):3369-77, 2007
Rissanen T et al: Breast sonography in localizing the cause of nipple discharge: comparison with galactography in 52 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 26(8):1031-9, 2007
Bhattarai N et al: Intraductal papilloma: features on MR ductography using a microscopic coil. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(1):44-7, 2006
Cho N et al: Ductographic findings of breast cancer. Korean J Radiol. 6(1):31-6, 2005
Greenberg D et al: Ductography: a pictorial essay of common pathologies. Breast J. 10(5):454-7, 2004
Sakorafas GH: Nipple discharge: current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Rev. 27(5):275-82, 2001
Slawson SH et al: Ductography: how to and what if? Radiographics. 21(1):133-50, 2001
Dawes LG et al: Ductography for nipple discharge: no replacement for ductal excision. Surgery. 124(4):685-91, 1998
Hild F et al: Ductal orientated sonography improves the diagnosis of pathological nipple discharge of the female breast compared with galactography. Eur J Cancer Prev. 7 Suppl 1:S57-62, 1998
Cardenosa G et al: Ductography of the breast: technique and findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 162(5):1081-7, 1994
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