Oliveira JD et al: Congenital systemic venous return anomalies to the right atrium review. Insights Imaging. 10(1):115, 2019
Liu Y et al: Radiological features of azygos and hemiazygos continuation of inferior vena cava: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 97(17):e0546, 2018
Pomeranz CB et al: Deep venous thrombosis in a child with inferior vena cava and renal anomalies: KILT syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 48(10):1521-5, 2018
Doe C et al: Anatomic and technical considerations: inferior vena cava filter placement. Semin Intervent Radiol. 33(2):88-92, 2016
Smillie RP et al: Imaging evaluation of the inferior vena cava. Radiographics. 35(2):578-92, 2015
Malaki M et al: Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava. Clin Radiol. 67(2):165-71, 2012
Honma S et al: Left inferior vena cava with regressed right inferior vena cava. Anat Sci Int. 83(3):173-8, 2008
Kakitsubata Y et al: Intrahepatic venous continuation associated with inferior vena cava hypoplasia: evaluation with sonography, MR imaging and MR angiography. JBR-BTR. 91(6):227-30, 2008
Kandpal H et al: Imaging the inferior vena cava: a road less traveled. Radiographics. 28(3):669-89, 2008
Cizginer S et al: Thrombosed interrupted inferior vena cava and retroaortic left renal vein mimicking retroperitoneal neoplasm. Abdom Imaging. 32(3):403-6, 2007
Koc Z et al: Venous variants and anomalies on routine abdominal multi-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol. 61(2):267-78, 2007
Zhang L et al: Spectrum of the inferior vena cava: MDCT findings. Abdom Imaging. 32(4):495-503, 2007
Srivastava A et al: Inferior vena cava in urology: importance of developmental abnormalities in clinical practice. ScientificWorldJournal. 5:558-63, 2005
Basile A et al: Embryologic and acquired anomalies of the inferior vena cava with recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):400-3, 2003
Yilmaz E et al: Interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation accompanied by distinct renal vein anomalies: MRA and CT assessment. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):392-4, 2003
Brochert A et al: Unusual duplication anomaly of the inferior vena cava with normal drainage of the right IVC and hemiazygous continuation of the left IVC. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(12):1453-5, 2001
Bass JE et al: Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics. 20(3):639-52, 2000
Bass JE et al: Absence of the infrarenal inferior vena cava with preservation of the suprarenal segment as revealed by CT and MR venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172(6):1610-2, 1999
Mayo J et al: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(2):339-45, 1983
Breckenridge JW et al: Azygos continuation of inferior vena cava: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 4(3):392-7, 1980
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Congenital anomalies of inferior vena cava (IVC)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Oliveira JD et al: Congenital systemic venous return anomalies to the right atrium review. Insights Imaging. 10(1):115, 2019
Liu Y et al: Radiological features of azygos and hemiazygos continuation of inferior vena cava: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 97(17):e0546, 2018
Pomeranz CB et al: Deep venous thrombosis in a child with inferior vena cava and renal anomalies: KILT syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 48(10):1521-5, 2018
Doe C et al: Anatomic and technical considerations: inferior vena cava filter placement. Semin Intervent Radiol. 33(2):88-92, 2016
Smillie RP et al: Imaging evaluation of the inferior vena cava. Radiographics. 35(2):578-92, 2015
Malaki M et al: Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava. Clin Radiol. 67(2):165-71, 2012
Honma S et al: Left inferior vena cava with regressed right inferior vena cava. Anat Sci Int. 83(3):173-8, 2008
Kakitsubata Y et al: Intrahepatic venous continuation associated with inferior vena cava hypoplasia: evaluation with sonography, MR imaging and MR angiography. JBR-BTR. 91(6):227-30, 2008
Kandpal H et al: Imaging the inferior vena cava: a road less traveled. Radiographics. 28(3):669-89, 2008
Cizginer S et al: Thrombosed interrupted inferior vena cava and retroaortic left renal vein mimicking retroperitoneal neoplasm. Abdom Imaging. 32(3):403-6, 2007
Koc Z et al: Venous variants and anomalies on routine abdominal multi-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol. 61(2):267-78, 2007
Zhang L et al: Spectrum of the inferior vena cava: MDCT findings. Abdom Imaging. 32(4):495-503, 2007
Srivastava A et al: Inferior vena cava in urology: importance of developmental abnormalities in clinical practice. ScientificWorldJournal. 5:558-63, 2005
Basile A et al: Embryologic and acquired anomalies of the inferior vena cava with recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):400-3, 2003
Yilmaz E et al: Interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation accompanied by distinct renal vein anomalies: MRA and CT assessment. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):392-4, 2003
Brochert A et al: Unusual duplication anomaly of the inferior vena cava with normal drainage of the right IVC and hemiazygous continuation of the left IVC. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(12):1453-5, 2001
Bass JE et al: Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics. 20(3):639-52, 2000
Bass JE et al: Absence of the infrarenal inferior vena cava with preservation of the suprarenal segment as revealed by CT and MR venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172(6):1610-2, 1999
Mayo J et al: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(2):339-45, 1983
Breckenridge JW et al: Azygos continuation of inferior vena cava: CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 4(3):392-7, 1980
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