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Enlarged Parathyroid Gland
Evelyn W. K. Tang, MBBS, FRCRYolanda Y. P. Lee, MBChB, FRCREric K. C. Law, MBChB, FRCR
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

    ESSENTIAL INFORMATION

    • Key Differential Diagnosis Issues

      • Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses

        • Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses

          Selected References

          1. Taywade SK et al: Comparison of 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography and four-dimensional computed tomography in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas-initial results. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 21(3):399-403, 2017
          2. Sung JY: Parathyroid ultrasonography: the evolving role of the radiologist. Ultrasonography. 34(4):268-74, 2015
          3. Kunstman JW et al: Clinical review: parathyroid localization and implications for clinical management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98(3):902-12, 2013
          4. Lee JH et al: Imaging of thyroid and parathyroid glands. Semin Roentgenol. 48(1):87-104, 2013
          5. Vulpio C et al: Parathyroid-gland ultrasonography in clinical and therapeutic evaluation of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiol Med. 118(5):707-22, 2013
          6. Halenka M et al: Four ultrasound and clinical pictures of parathyroid carcinoma. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2012:363690, 2012
          7. Phillips CD et al: Imaging of the parathyroid glands. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(2):123-9, 2012
          8. Sofferman RA: Parathyroid Ultrasound. In Sofferman RA et al: Ultrasound of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. New York: Springer. 157-86, 2012
          9. Wei CH et al: Parathyroid carcinoma: update and guidelines for management. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 13(1):11-23, 2012
          10. Vazquez BJ et al: Imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Surg Clin North Am. 91(1):15-32, 2011
          11. Dudney WC et al: Parathyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 43(2):441-53, xi, 2010
          12. Felger EA et al: Primary hyperparathyroidism. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 43(2):417-32, x, 2010
          13. Patel CN et al: Clinical utility of ultrasound and 99mTc sestamibi SPECT/CT for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Radiol. 65(4):278-87, 2010
          14. Fakhran S et al: Parathyroid imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(3):537-49, ix, 2008
          15. Fuster D et al: Localising imaging in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Minerva Endocrinol. 33(3):203-12, 2008
          16. Shah S et al: Multimodality imaging of the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism. Minerva Endocrinol. 33(3):193-202, 2008
          17. Ahuja AT: Parathyroid Adenoma, Visceral Space. In Ahuja AT et al: Diagnostic Imaging: Ultrasound. 1st ed. Amirsys: Salt Lake City. 11-36-39, 2007
          18. Huppert BJ et al: Parathyroid sonography: imaging and intervention. J Clin Ultrasound. 35(3):144-55, 2007
          19. Kamaya A et al: Sonography of the abnormal parathyroid gland. Ultrasound Q. 22(4):253-62, 2006
          20. Kettle AG et al: Parathyroid imaging: how good is it and how should it be done? Semin Nucl Med. 36(3):206-11, 2006
          21. Uruno T et al: How to localize parathyroid tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism? J Endocrinol Invest. 29(9):840-7, 2006
          22. Ahuja AT et al: Imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism--what beginners should know. Clin Radiol. 59(11):967-76, 2004
          23. Meilstrup JW: Ultrasound examination of the parathyroid glands. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 37(4):763-78, ix, 2004
          24. Ihm PS et al: Parathyroid cysts: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 111(9):1576-8, 2001
          Related Anatomy
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          Related Differential Diagnoses
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          References
          Tables

          Tables

          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

            ESSENTIAL INFORMATION

            • Key Differential Diagnosis Issues

              • Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses

                • Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses

                  Selected References

                  1. Taywade SK et al: Comparison of 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography and four-dimensional computed tomography in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas-initial results. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 21(3):399-403, 2017
                  2. Sung JY: Parathyroid ultrasonography: the evolving role of the radiologist. Ultrasonography. 34(4):268-74, 2015
                  3. Kunstman JW et al: Clinical review: parathyroid localization and implications for clinical management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98(3):902-12, 2013
                  4. Lee JH et al: Imaging of thyroid and parathyroid glands. Semin Roentgenol. 48(1):87-104, 2013
                  5. Vulpio C et al: Parathyroid-gland ultrasonography in clinical and therapeutic evaluation of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiol Med. 118(5):707-22, 2013
                  6. Halenka M et al: Four ultrasound and clinical pictures of parathyroid carcinoma. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2012:363690, 2012
                  7. Phillips CD et al: Imaging of the parathyroid glands. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(2):123-9, 2012
                  8. Sofferman RA: Parathyroid Ultrasound. In Sofferman RA et al: Ultrasound of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. New York: Springer. 157-86, 2012
                  9. Wei CH et al: Parathyroid carcinoma: update and guidelines for management. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 13(1):11-23, 2012
                  10. Vazquez BJ et al: Imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Surg Clin North Am. 91(1):15-32, 2011
                  11. Dudney WC et al: Parathyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 43(2):441-53, xi, 2010
                  12. Felger EA et al: Primary hyperparathyroidism. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 43(2):417-32, x, 2010
                  13. Patel CN et al: Clinical utility of ultrasound and 99mTc sestamibi SPECT/CT for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Radiol. 65(4):278-87, 2010
                  14. Fakhran S et al: Parathyroid imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(3):537-49, ix, 2008
                  15. Fuster D et al: Localising imaging in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Minerva Endocrinol. 33(3):203-12, 2008
                  16. Shah S et al: Multimodality imaging of the parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism. Minerva Endocrinol. 33(3):193-202, 2008
                  17. Ahuja AT: Parathyroid Adenoma, Visceral Space. In Ahuja AT et al: Diagnostic Imaging: Ultrasound. 1st ed. Amirsys: Salt Lake City. 11-36-39, 2007
                  18. Huppert BJ et al: Parathyroid sonography: imaging and intervention. J Clin Ultrasound. 35(3):144-55, 2007
                  19. Kamaya A et al: Sonography of the abnormal parathyroid gland. Ultrasound Q. 22(4):253-62, 2006
                  20. Kettle AG et al: Parathyroid imaging: how good is it and how should it be done? Semin Nucl Med. 36(3):206-11, 2006
                  21. Uruno T et al: How to localize parathyroid tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism? J Endocrinol Invest. 29(9):840-7, 2006
                  22. Ahuja AT et al: Imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism--what beginners should know. Clin Radiol. 59(11):967-76, 2004
                  23. Meilstrup JW: Ultrasound examination of the parathyroid glands. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 37(4):763-78, ix, 2004
                  24. Ihm PS et al: Parathyroid cysts: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 111(9):1576-8, 2001