Channels in subpial space that accompany penetrating arteries into brain
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Francis F et al: Perivascular spaces and their associations with risk factors, clinical disorders and neuroimaging features: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 4(4):359-71, 2019
Hilal S et al: Enlarged perivascular spaces and cognition: a meta-analysis of 5 population-based studies. Neurology. 91(9):e832-42, 2018
Laveskog A et al: Perivascular spaces in old age: assessment, distribution, and correlation with white matter hyperintensities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(1):70-6, 2018
Niazi M et al: Quantitative MRI of perivascular spaces at 3T for early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(9):1622-8, 2018
Zhang X et al: Brain atrophy correlates with severe enlarged perivascular spaces in basal ganglia among lacunar stroke patients. PLoS One. 11(2):e0149593, 2016
Potter GM et al: Enlarged perivascular spaces and cerebral small vessel disease. Int J Stroke. 10(3):376-81, 2015
Huijts M et al: Basal ganglia enlarged perivascular spaces are linked to cognitive function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Curr Neurovasc Res. 11(2):136-41, 2014
Vanderver A et al: Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging pattern in patients with macrocephaly and PTEN mutations. Am J Med Genet A. 164A(3):627-33, 2014
Yakushiji Y et al: Topography and associations of perivascular spaces in healthy adults: the Kashima scan study. Neurology. 83(23):2116-23, 2014
Caner B et al: Dilatation of Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces: report of 3 cases with different localizations. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 51(1):11-4, 2008
Carare RO et al: Solutes, but not cells, drain from the brain parenchyma along basement membranes of capillaries and arteries: significance for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neuroimmunology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 34(2):131-44, 2008
Kara S et al: Dilated perivascular spaces: an informative radiologic finding in Sanfilippo syndrome type A. Pediatr Neurol. 38(5):363-6, 2008
Stephens T et al: Giant tumefactive perivascular spaces. J Neurol Sci. 266(1-2):171-3, 2008
Kwee RM et al: Virchow-Robin spaces at MR imaging. Radiographics. 27(4):1071-86, 2007
Groeschel S et al: Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance images: normative data, their dilatation, and a review of the literature. Neuroradiology. 2006
Salzman KL et al: Giant tumefactive perivascular spaces. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):298-305, 2005
Papayannis CE et al: Expanding Virchow Robin spaces in the midbrain causing hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(7):1399-403, 2003
Ozturk MH et al: Comparison of MR signal intensities of cerebral perivascular (Virchow-Robin) and subarachnoid spaces. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 26(6):902-4, 2002
Song CJ et al: MR imaging and histologic features of subinsular bright spots on T2-weighted MR images: Virchow-Robin spaces of the extreme capsule and insular cortex. Radiology. 214(3):671-7, 2000
Adachi M et al: Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces: MRI pathological study. Neuroradiology. 40(1):27-31, 1998
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Perivascular space (PVS)
Virchow-Robin space (VRS)
Definitions
Channels in subpial space that accompany penetrating arteries into brain
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Francis F et al: Perivascular spaces and their associations with risk factors, clinical disorders and neuroimaging features: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 4(4):359-71, 2019
Hilal S et al: Enlarged perivascular spaces and cognition: a meta-analysis of 5 population-based studies. Neurology. 91(9):e832-42, 2018
Laveskog A et al: Perivascular spaces in old age: assessment, distribution, and correlation with white matter hyperintensities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(1):70-6, 2018
Niazi M et al: Quantitative MRI of perivascular spaces at 3T for early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(9):1622-8, 2018
Zhang X et al: Brain atrophy correlates with severe enlarged perivascular spaces in basal ganglia among lacunar stroke patients. PLoS One. 11(2):e0149593, 2016
Potter GM et al: Enlarged perivascular spaces and cerebral small vessel disease. Int J Stroke. 10(3):376-81, 2015
Huijts M et al: Basal ganglia enlarged perivascular spaces are linked to cognitive function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Curr Neurovasc Res. 11(2):136-41, 2014
Vanderver A et al: Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging pattern in patients with macrocephaly and PTEN mutations. Am J Med Genet A. 164A(3):627-33, 2014
Yakushiji Y et al: Topography and associations of perivascular spaces in healthy adults: the Kashima scan study. Neurology. 83(23):2116-23, 2014
Caner B et al: Dilatation of Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces: report of 3 cases with different localizations. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 51(1):11-4, 2008
Carare RO et al: Solutes, but not cells, drain from the brain parenchyma along basement membranes of capillaries and arteries: significance for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neuroimmunology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 34(2):131-44, 2008
Kara S et al: Dilated perivascular spaces: an informative radiologic finding in Sanfilippo syndrome type A. Pediatr Neurol. 38(5):363-6, 2008
Stephens T et al: Giant tumefactive perivascular spaces. J Neurol Sci. 266(1-2):171-3, 2008
Kwee RM et al: Virchow-Robin spaces at MR imaging. Radiographics. 27(4):1071-86, 2007
Groeschel S et al: Virchow-Robin spaces on magnetic resonance images: normative data, their dilatation, and a review of the literature. Neuroradiology. 2006
Salzman KL et al: Giant tumefactive perivascular spaces. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):298-305, 2005
Papayannis CE et al: Expanding Virchow Robin spaces in the midbrain causing hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(7):1399-403, 2003
Ozturk MH et al: Comparison of MR signal intensities of cerebral perivascular (Virchow-Robin) and subarachnoid spaces. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 26(6):902-4, 2002
Song CJ et al: MR imaging and histologic features of subinsular bright spots on T2-weighted MR images: Virchow-Robin spaces of the extreme capsule and insular cortex. Radiology. 214(3):671-7, 2000
Adachi M et al: Dilated Virchow-Robin spaces: MRI pathological study. Neuroradiology. 40(1):27-31, 1998
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