Enteric fistula: Abnormal connection between bowel and another epithelial-lined surface (e.g., bladder, vagina, skin)
Enteric sinus tract: Blind-ending tract originating from bowel
Perianal fistula: Abnormal communication between anal canal and surrounding soft tissues or skin surface
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Santillan CS et al: MRI of perianal Crohn disease: technique and interpretation. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 30(1):63-76, 2021
Reginelli A et al: MRI of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Acta Biomed. 91(8-S):27-33, 2020
Balcı S et al: MRI evaluation of anal and perianal diseases. Diagn Interv Radiol. 25(1):21-7, 2019
Thipphavong S et al: Structured reporting of MRI for perianal fistula. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(4):1295-305, 2019
Tuncyurek O et al: Structured versus narrative reporting of pelvic MRI in perianal fistulizing disease: impact on clarity, completeness, and surgical planning. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(3):811-20, 2019
Zimmerman DDE: MR Imaging of perianal fistulas; step-by-step guide for trainees - a video vignette (ESCP Trainee Video). Colorectal Dis. 21(1):121, 2019
Gallego JC et al: Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of perianal Crohn's disease. Insights Imaging. 9(1):47-58, 2018
Jhaveri KS et al: MR imaging of perianal fistulas. Radiol Clin North Am. 56(5):775-89, 2018
Amiot A et al: Long-term outcome of enterocutaneous fistula in patients with Crohn's disease treated with anti-TNF therapy: a cohort study from the GETAID. Am J Gastroenterol. 109(9):1443-9, 2014
Hall JF et al: Outcomes after operations for anal fistula: results of a prospective, multicenter, regional study. Dis Colon Rectum. 57(11):1304-8, 2014
Liang C et al: Imaging of anal fistulas: comparison of computed tomographic fistulography and magnetic resonance imaging. Korean J Radiol. 15(6):712-23, 2014
de Miguel Criado J et al: MR imaging evaluation of perianal fistulas: spectrum of imaging features. Radiographics. 32(1):175-94, 2012
O'Malley RB et al: Rectal imaging: part 2, Perianal fistula evaluation on pelvic MRI--what the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(1):W43-53, 2012
Scozzari G et al: Enterovesical fistulas: diagnosis and management. Tech Coloproctol. 14(4):293-300, 2010
Horsthuis K et al: Perianal Crohn disease: evaluation of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging as an indicator of disease activity. Radiology. 251(2):380-7, 2009
Dave-Verma H et al: Computed tomographic enterography and enteroclysis: pearls and pitfalls. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 37(6):279-87, 2008
Dionigi G et al: Treatment of high output entero-cutaneous fistulae associated with large abdominal wall defects: single center experience. Int J Surg. 6(1):51-6, 2008
Kamm MA et al: Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease: a call to action. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 6(1):7-10, 2008
Malagò R et al: Assessment of Crohn's disease activity in the small bowel with MR-enteroclysis: clinico-radiological correlations. Abdom Imaging. 33(6):669-75, 2008
Teke Z et al: Crohn's disease complicated by multiple stenoses and internal fistulas clinically mimicking small bowel endometriosis. World J Gastroenterol. 14(1):146-51, 2008
Ardizzone S et al: Imaging of perianal Crohn's disease. Dig Liver Dis. 39(10):970-8, 2007
Maconi G et al: Transperineal ultrasound in the detection of perianal and rectovaginal fistulae in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 102(10):2214-9, 2007
Schmidt S et al: Diagnostic performance of MRI for detection of intestinal fistulas in patients with complicated inflammatory bowel conditions. Eur Radiol. 17(11):2957-63, 2007
Szurowska E et al: Perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: MRI diagnosis and surgical planning : MRI in fistulazing perianal Crohn's disease. Abdom Imaging. Epub ahead of print, 2007
Regan JP et al: Laparoscopic treatment of enteric fistulas. Surg Endosc. 18(2):252-4, 2004
Kawamura YJ et al: Appendico-ileo-vesical fistula. J Gastroenterol. 33(6):868-71, 1998
Beckingham IJ et al: Prospective evaluation of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of fistula in ano. Br J Surg. 83(10):1396-8, 1996
Tsiotos GG et al: Incidence and management of pancreatic and enteric fistulas after surgical management of severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Arch Surg. 130(1):48-52, 1995
Michelassi F et al: Incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of enteric and colorectal fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease. Ann Surg. 218(5):660-6, 1993
Pontari MA et al: Diagnosis and treatment of enterovesical fistulae. Am Surg. 58(4):258-63, 1992
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Enteric fistula: Abnormal connection between bowel and another epithelial-lined surface (e.g., bladder, vagina, skin)
Enteric sinus tract: Blind-ending tract originating from bowel
Perianal fistula: Abnormal communication between anal canal and surrounding soft tissues or skin surface
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Santillan CS et al: MRI of perianal Crohn disease: technique and interpretation. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 30(1):63-76, 2021
Reginelli A et al: MRI of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. Acta Biomed. 91(8-S):27-33, 2020
Balcı S et al: MRI evaluation of anal and perianal diseases. Diagn Interv Radiol. 25(1):21-7, 2019
Thipphavong S et al: Structured reporting of MRI for perianal fistula. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(4):1295-305, 2019
Tuncyurek O et al: Structured versus narrative reporting of pelvic MRI in perianal fistulizing disease: impact on clarity, completeness, and surgical planning. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(3):811-20, 2019
Zimmerman DDE: MR Imaging of perianal fistulas; step-by-step guide for trainees - a video vignette (ESCP Trainee Video). Colorectal Dis. 21(1):121, 2019
Gallego JC et al: Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of perianal Crohn's disease. Insights Imaging. 9(1):47-58, 2018
Jhaveri KS et al: MR imaging of perianal fistulas. Radiol Clin North Am. 56(5):775-89, 2018
Amiot A et al: Long-term outcome of enterocutaneous fistula in patients with Crohn's disease treated with anti-TNF therapy: a cohort study from the GETAID. Am J Gastroenterol. 109(9):1443-9, 2014
Hall JF et al: Outcomes after operations for anal fistula: results of a prospective, multicenter, regional study. Dis Colon Rectum. 57(11):1304-8, 2014
Liang C et al: Imaging of anal fistulas: comparison of computed tomographic fistulography and magnetic resonance imaging. Korean J Radiol. 15(6):712-23, 2014
de Miguel Criado J et al: MR imaging evaluation of perianal fistulas: spectrum of imaging features. Radiographics. 32(1):175-94, 2012
O'Malley RB et al: Rectal imaging: part 2, Perianal fistula evaluation on pelvic MRI--what the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(1):W43-53, 2012
Scozzari G et al: Enterovesical fistulas: diagnosis and management. Tech Coloproctol. 14(4):293-300, 2010
Horsthuis K et al: Perianal Crohn disease: evaluation of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging as an indicator of disease activity. Radiology. 251(2):380-7, 2009
Dave-Verma H et al: Computed tomographic enterography and enteroclysis: pearls and pitfalls. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 37(6):279-87, 2008
Dionigi G et al: Treatment of high output entero-cutaneous fistulae associated with large abdominal wall defects: single center experience. Int J Surg. 6(1):51-6, 2008
Kamm MA et al: Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease: a call to action. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 6(1):7-10, 2008
Malagò R et al: Assessment of Crohn's disease activity in the small bowel with MR-enteroclysis: clinico-radiological correlations. Abdom Imaging. 33(6):669-75, 2008
Teke Z et al: Crohn's disease complicated by multiple stenoses and internal fistulas clinically mimicking small bowel endometriosis. World J Gastroenterol. 14(1):146-51, 2008
Ardizzone S et al: Imaging of perianal Crohn's disease. Dig Liver Dis. 39(10):970-8, 2007
Maconi G et al: Transperineal ultrasound in the detection of perianal and rectovaginal fistulae in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 102(10):2214-9, 2007
Schmidt S et al: Diagnostic performance of MRI for detection of intestinal fistulas in patients with complicated inflammatory bowel conditions. Eur Radiol. 17(11):2957-63, 2007
Szurowska E et al: Perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: MRI diagnosis and surgical planning : MRI in fistulazing perianal Crohn's disease. Abdom Imaging. Epub ahead of print, 2007
Regan JP et al: Laparoscopic treatment of enteric fistulas. Surg Endosc. 18(2):252-4, 2004
Kawamura YJ et al: Appendico-ileo-vesical fistula. J Gastroenterol. 33(6):868-71, 1998
Beckingham IJ et al: Prospective evaluation of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of fistula in ano. Br J Surg. 83(10):1396-8, 1996
Tsiotos GG et al: Incidence and management of pancreatic and enteric fistulas after surgical management of severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Arch Surg. 130(1):48-52, 1995
Michelassi F et al: Incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of enteric and colorectal fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease. Ann Surg. 218(5):660-6, 1993
Pontari MA et al: Diagnosis and treatment of enterovesical fistulae. Am Surg. 58(4):258-63, 1992
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