Neoplasm arising from ependyma lining spinal cord central canal
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Alizada O et al: Surgical management of spinal intramedullary tumors: ten-year experience in a single institution. J Clin Neurosci. 73:201-8, 2020
Gerstner ER et al: Ependymoma. Semin Neurol. 38(1):104-11, 2018
Khalid SI et al: Pediatric spinal ependymomas: an epidemiologic study. World Neurosurg. 115:e119-28, 2018
Kobayashi K et al: MRI characteristics of spinal ependymoma in WHO grade II: a review of 59 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 43(9):E525-30, 2018
Merchant TE: Current clinical challenges in childhood ependymoma: a focused review. J Clin Oncol. 35(21):2364-9, 2017
Li TY et al: Surgical strategies and outcomes of spinal ependymomas of different lengths: analysis of 210 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 21(2):249-59, 2014
Kim BS et al: Extra and intramedullary anaplastic ependymoma in thoracic spinal cord. Korean J Spine. 10(3):177-80, 2013
Gilbert MR et al: Ependymomas in adults. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 10(3):240-7, 2010
Rudà R et al: Ependymomas of the adult: molecular biology and treatment. Curr Opin Neurol. 21(6):754-61, 2008
Robles SG et al: Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymoma: a benign pathology? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(9):E251-4, 2005
Sun B et al: MRI features of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. J Neuroimaging. 13(4):346-51, 2003
Carter M et al: Genetic abnormalities detected in ependymomas by comparative genomic hybridisation. Br J Cancer. 86(6):929-39, 2002
Chang UK et al: Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of spinal intramedullary ependymomas in adults. J Neurooncol. 57(2):133-9, 2002
Choi JY et al: Intracranial and spinal ependymomas: review of MR images in 61 patients. Korean J Radiol. 3(4):219-28, 2002
Hanbali F et al: Spinal cord ependymoma: radical surgical resection and outcome. Neurosurgery. 51(5):1162-72; discussion 1172-4, 2002
Jeuken JW et al: Correlation between localization, age, and chromosomal imbalances in ependymal tumours as detected by CGH. J Pathol. 197(2):238-44, 2002
Hirose Y et al: Chromosomal abnormalities subdivide ependymal tumors into clinically relevant groups. Am J Pathol. 158(3):1137-43, 2001
Koeller KK et al: Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 20(6):1721-49, 2000
Lagares A et al: Spinal cord ependymoma presenting with acute paraplegia due to tumoral bleeding. J Neurosurg Sci. 44(2):95-7; discussion 97-8, 2000
Miyazawa N et al: MRI at 1.5 T of intramedullary ependymoma and classification of pattern of contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology. 42(11):828-32, 2000
Wiestler OD et al: Ependymoma. In Kleihues P, Cavanee WK. Pathology & Genetics of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC Press. 72-7, 2000
Graf M et al: Extraneural metastasizing ependymoma of the spinal cord. Pathol Oncol Res. 5(1):56-60, 1999
Mazewski C et al: Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 113(1):1-8, 1999
Bourgouin PM et al: A pattern approach to the differential diagnosis of intramedullary spinal cord lesions on MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1645-9, 1998
Kahan H et al: MR characteristics of histopathologic subtypes of spinal ependymoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(1):143-50, 1996
Fine MJ et al: Spinal cord ependymomas: MR imaging features. Radiology. 197(3):655-8, 1995
Waldron JN et al: Spinal cord ependymomas: a retrospective analysis of 59 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 27(2):223-9, 1993
Nemoto Y et al: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors: significance of associated hemorrhage at MR imaging. Radiology. 182(3):793-6, 1992
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References
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Spinal ependymoma
Definitions
Neoplasm arising from ependyma lining spinal cord central canal
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Alizada O et al: Surgical management of spinal intramedullary tumors: ten-year experience in a single institution. J Clin Neurosci. 73:201-8, 2020
Gerstner ER et al: Ependymoma. Semin Neurol. 38(1):104-11, 2018
Khalid SI et al: Pediatric spinal ependymomas: an epidemiologic study. World Neurosurg. 115:e119-28, 2018
Kobayashi K et al: MRI characteristics of spinal ependymoma in WHO grade II: a review of 59 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 43(9):E525-30, 2018
Merchant TE: Current clinical challenges in childhood ependymoma: a focused review. J Clin Oncol. 35(21):2364-9, 2017
Li TY et al: Surgical strategies and outcomes of spinal ependymomas of different lengths: analysis of 210 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 21(2):249-59, 2014
Kim BS et al: Extra and intramedullary anaplastic ependymoma in thoracic spinal cord. Korean J Spine. 10(3):177-80, 2013
Gilbert MR et al: Ependymomas in adults. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 10(3):240-7, 2010
Rudà R et al: Ependymomas of the adult: molecular biology and treatment. Curr Opin Neurol. 21(6):754-61, 2008
Robles SG et al: Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymoma: a benign pathology? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(9):E251-4, 2005
Sun B et al: MRI features of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. J Neuroimaging. 13(4):346-51, 2003
Carter M et al: Genetic abnormalities detected in ependymomas by comparative genomic hybridisation. Br J Cancer. 86(6):929-39, 2002
Chang UK et al: Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of spinal intramedullary ependymomas in adults. J Neurooncol. 57(2):133-9, 2002
Choi JY et al: Intracranial and spinal ependymomas: review of MR images in 61 patients. Korean J Radiol. 3(4):219-28, 2002
Hanbali F et al: Spinal cord ependymoma: radical surgical resection and outcome. Neurosurgery. 51(5):1162-72; discussion 1172-4, 2002
Jeuken JW et al: Correlation between localization, age, and chromosomal imbalances in ependymal tumours as detected by CGH. J Pathol. 197(2):238-44, 2002
Hirose Y et al: Chromosomal abnormalities subdivide ependymal tumors into clinically relevant groups. Am J Pathol. 158(3):1137-43, 2001
Koeller KK et al: Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 20(6):1721-49, 2000
Lagares A et al: Spinal cord ependymoma presenting with acute paraplegia due to tumoral bleeding. J Neurosurg Sci. 44(2):95-7; discussion 97-8, 2000
Miyazawa N et al: MRI at 1.5 T of intramedullary ependymoma and classification of pattern of contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology. 42(11):828-32, 2000
Wiestler OD et al: Ependymoma. In Kleihues P, Cavanee WK. Pathology & Genetics of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC Press. 72-7, 2000
Graf M et al: Extraneural metastasizing ependymoma of the spinal cord. Pathol Oncol Res. 5(1):56-60, 1999
Mazewski C et al: Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 113(1):1-8, 1999
Bourgouin PM et al: A pattern approach to the differential diagnosis of intramedullary spinal cord lesions on MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1645-9, 1998
Kahan H et al: MR characteristics of histopathologic subtypes of spinal ependymoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(1):143-50, 1996
Fine MJ et al: Spinal cord ependymomas: MR imaging features. Radiology. 197(3):655-8, 1995
Waldron JN et al: Spinal cord ependymomas: a retrospective analysis of 59 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 27(2):223-9, 1993
Nemoto Y et al: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors: significance of associated hemorrhage at MR imaging. Radiology. 182(3):793-6, 1992
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