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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Esophageal atresia (EA): Congenital occlusion of upper esophagus
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF): Single (less commonly multiple) anomalous congenital connection(s) from esophagus to trachea
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Medscape: Imaging in esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/414368-overview. Reviewed July, 20, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016
Teague WJ et al: Surgical management of oesophageal atresia. Paediatr Respir Rev. 19:10-5, 2016
Muensterer OJ et al: From Vogt to Haight and Holt to now: the history of esophageal atresia over the last century. Pediatr Radiol. 45(8):1230-5, 2015
Yalcin S et al: The evaluation of deglutition with videofluoroscopy after repair of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 50(11):1823-7, 2015
Liszewski MC et al: Imaging of long gap esophageal atresia and the Foker process: expected findings and complications. Pediatr Radiol. 44(4):467-75, 2014
Smith N: Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Early Hum Dev. 90(12):947-50, 2014
Zani A et al: International survey on the management of esophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 24(1):3-8, 2014
Kuti K et al: A rare pitfall in the diagnosis of oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Radiol. 43(8):902-4, 2013
Sodhi KS et al: Postoperative appearances of esophageal atresia repair: retrospective study of 210 patients with review of literature - what the radiologist should know. Acta Radiol. 54(2):221-5, 2013
Thyoka M et al: Balloon dilatation of anastomotic strictures secondary to surgical repair of oesophageal atresia: a systematic review. Pediatr Radiol. 43(8):898-901; quiz 896-7, 2013
Burjonrappa S et al: Type A esophageal atresia: a critical review of management strategies at a single center. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):865-71, 2010
Serhal L et al: Anastomotic stricture after surgical repair of esophageal atresia: frequency, risk factors, and efficacy of esophageal bougie dilatations. J Pediatr Surg. 45(7):1459-62, 2010
Knight RB et al: Pharyngeal perforation masquerading as esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 44(11):2216-8, 2009
Mortell AE et al: Esophageal atresia repair with thoracotomy: the Cincinnati contemporary experience. Semin Pediatr Surg. 18(1):12-9, 2009
Stoll C et al: Associated malformations in patients with esophageal atresia. Eur J Med Genet. 52(5):287-90, 2009
Houben CH et al: Current status of prenatal diagnosis, operative management and outcome of esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula. Prenat Diagn. 28(7):667-75, 2008
Achildi O et al: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 40(1):219-44, viii, 2007
Kovesi T et al: Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest. 126(3):915-25, 2004
Orford J et al: Advances in the treatment of oesophageal atresia over three decades: the 1970s and the 1990s. Pediatr Surg Int. 20(6):402-7, 2004
Dahms BB: The Gastrointestinal Tract. In Stocker et al: Pediatric Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 633-34, 2001
Clark DC: Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Am Fam Physician. 59(4):910-6, 919-20, 1999
De Felice C et al: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung associated with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Pediatr Surg Int. 15(3-4):260-3, 1999
Imaizumi K et al: Association of microphthalmia with esophageal atresia: report of two new patients and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 87(2):180-2, 1999
del Rosario JF et al: Common pediatric esophageal disorders. Gastroenterologist. 6(2):104-21, 1998
Thakral CL et al: Concurrent right diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int. 14(1-2):96-7, 1998
al-Salem AH et al: Concurrent left congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 32(5):772-4, 1997
Sapin E et al: Coexisting left congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: successful management in a premature neonate. J Pediatr Surg. 31(7):989-91, 1996
Snyder CL et al: Esophageal duplication cyst with esophageal web and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 31(7):968-9, 1996
Benjamin B et al: Diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 26(6):667-71, 1991
Berdon WE et al: Radiographic findings in esophageal atresia with proximal pouch fistula (type B). Pediatr Radiol. 3(2):70-4, 1975
Kirkpatrick JA et al: A complex of anomalies associated with tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 95:208-11, 1965
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Esophageal atresia (EA): Congenital occlusion of upper esophagus
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF): Single (less commonly multiple) anomalous congenital connection(s) from esophagus to trachea
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Medscape: Imaging in esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/414368-overview. Reviewed July, 20, 2016. Accessed July 20, 2016
Teague WJ et al: Surgical management of oesophageal atresia. Paediatr Respir Rev. 19:10-5, 2016
Muensterer OJ et al: From Vogt to Haight and Holt to now: the history of esophageal atresia over the last century. Pediatr Radiol. 45(8):1230-5, 2015
Yalcin S et al: The evaluation of deglutition with videofluoroscopy after repair of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 50(11):1823-7, 2015
Liszewski MC et al: Imaging of long gap esophageal atresia and the Foker process: expected findings and complications. Pediatr Radiol. 44(4):467-75, 2014
Smith N: Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Early Hum Dev. 90(12):947-50, 2014
Zani A et al: International survey on the management of esophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 24(1):3-8, 2014
Kuti K et al: A rare pitfall in the diagnosis of oesophageal atresia. Pediatr Radiol. 43(8):902-4, 2013
Sodhi KS et al: Postoperative appearances of esophageal atresia repair: retrospective study of 210 patients with review of literature - what the radiologist should know. Acta Radiol. 54(2):221-5, 2013
Thyoka M et al: Balloon dilatation of anastomotic strictures secondary to surgical repair of oesophageal atresia: a systematic review. Pediatr Radiol. 43(8):898-901; quiz 896-7, 2013
Burjonrappa S et al: Type A esophageal atresia: a critical review of management strategies at a single center. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):865-71, 2010
Serhal L et al: Anastomotic stricture after surgical repair of esophageal atresia: frequency, risk factors, and efficacy of esophageal bougie dilatations. J Pediatr Surg. 45(7):1459-62, 2010
Knight RB et al: Pharyngeal perforation masquerading as esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 44(11):2216-8, 2009
Mortell AE et al: Esophageal atresia repair with thoracotomy: the Cincinnati contemporary experience. Semin Pediatr Surg. 18(1):12-9, 2009
Stoll C et al: Associated malformations in patients with esophageal atresia. Eur J Med Genet. 52(5):287-90, 2009
Houben CH et al: Current status of prenatal diagnosis, operative management and outcome of esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula. Prenat Diagn. 28(7):667-75, 2008
Achildi O et al: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 40(1):219-44, viii, 2007
Kovesi T et al: Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest. 126(3):915-25, 2004
Orford J et al: Advances in the treatment of oesophageal atresia over three decades: the 1970s and the 1990s. Pediatr Surg Int. 20(6):402-7, 2004
Dahms BB: The Gastrointestinal Tract. In Stocker et al: Pediatric Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 633-34, 2001
Clark DC: Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Am Fam Physician. 59(4):910-6, 919-20, 1999
De Felice C et al: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung associated with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Pediatr Surg Int. 15(3-4):260-3, 1999
Imaizumi K et al: Association of microphthalmia with esophageal atresia: report of two new patients and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 87(2):180-2, 1999
del Rosario JF et al: Common pediatric esophageal disorders. Gastroenterologist. 6(2):104-21, 1998
Thakral CL et al: Concurrent right diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia. Pediatr Surg Int. 14(1-2):96-7, 1998
al-Salem AH et al: Concurrent left congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 32(5):772-4, 1997
Sapin E et al: Coexisting left congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: successful management in a premature neonate. J Pediatr Surg. 31(7):989-91, 1996
Snyder CL et al: Esophageal duplication cyst with esophageal web and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 31(7):968-9, 1996
Benjamin B et al: Diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 26(6):667-71, 1991
Berdon WE et al: Radiographic findings in esophageal atresia with proximal pouch fistula (type B). Pediatr Radiol. 3(2):70-4, 1975
Kirkpatrick JA et al: A complex of anomalies associated with tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 95:208-11, 1965
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