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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Esophagus atresia (EA) often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
- > 90% have fistula
- Proximal atresia with distal TEF most common type
- Esophagus atresia (EA) often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Acher CW et al: Long-term outcomes of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula/fsophageal atresia: survey results from tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia online communities. Eur J Pediatr Surg. ePub, 2015
- Cartabuke RH et al: Long-term esophageal and respiratory outcomes in children with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). ePub, 2015
- Hochart V et al: The contribution of fetal MR imaging to the assessment of oesophageal atresia. Eur Radiol. 25(2):306-14, 2015
- Sfeir R et al: National Esophageal Atresia Register. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 25(6):497-9, 2015
- Ethun CG et al: Fetal MRI improves diagnostic accuracy in patients referred to a fetal center for suspected esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 49(5):712-5, 2014
- Garabedian C et al: Does a combination of ultrasound, MRI, and biochemical amniotic fluid analysis improve prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia? Prenat Diagn. 34(9):839-42, 2014
- Kunisaki SM et al: The diagnosis of fetal esophageal atresia and its implications on perinatal outcome. Pediatr Surg Int. 30(10):971-7, 2014
- Sfeir R et al: Esophageal atresia: data from a national cohort. J Pediatr Surg. 48(8):1664-9, 2013
- Pedersen RN et al: Oesophageal atresia: prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and associated anomalies in 23 European regions. Arch Dis Child. 97(3):227-32, 2012
- Burjonrappa S et al: Type A esophageal atresia: a critical review of management strategies at a single center. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):865-71, 2010
- de Jong EM et al: Etiology of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: "mind the gap". Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 12(3):215-22, 2010
- El-Gohary Y et al: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Semin Pediatr Surg. 19(3):186-93, 2010
- González-Hernández J et al: Esophageal atresia: new guidelines in management. Bol Asoc Med P R. 102(1):33-8, 2010
- Guo W et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula after primary repair of type C esophageal atresia in the neonatal period: recurrent or missed second congenital fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 45(12):2351-5, 2010
- Lacher M et al: Early and long term outcome in children with esophageal atresia treated over the last 22 years. Klin Padiatr. 222(5):296-301, 2010
- Oddsberg J et al: Maternal diabetes and risk of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 45(10):2004-8, 2010
- Peker E et al: TAR syndrome and esophagial atresia: a concomitant or variant condition? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. Epub ahead of print, 2010
- Quarello E et al: Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of the length of the defect in esophageal atresia using direct and indirect signs (tracheal print). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Epub ahead of print, 2010
- Seo J et al: An 18-year experience of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Korean J Pediatr. 53(6):705-10, 2010
- Solt I et al: The esophageal 'pouch sign': a benign transient finding. Prenat Diagn. 30(9):845-8, 2010
- Stringel G et al: Repair of long gap esophageal atresia without anastomosis. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):872-5, 2010
- Tröbs RB et al: Embryogenesis of esophageal atresia: Is localized vascular accident a factor? J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 15(3):112-3, 2010
- Salomon LJ et al: Real-time fetal magnetic resonance imaging for the dynamic visualization of the pouch in esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 34(4):471-4, 2009
- Has R et al: Pouch sign in prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 23(5):523-4, 2004
- Kovesi T et al: Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest. 126(3):915-25, 2004
- Malinger G et al: The fetal esophagus: anatomical and physiological ultrasonographic characterization using a high-resolution linear transducer. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 24(5):500-5, 2004
- Marquette GP et al: First-trimester imaging of combined esophageal and duodenal atresia without a tracheoesophageal fistula. J Ultrasound Med. 23(9):1232, 2004
- Samujh R et al: Oesophageal atresia and biliary atresia: a rare association. Pediatr Surg Int. 20(6):467-8, 2004
- Tonz M et al: Oesophageal atresia: what has changed in the last 3 decades? Pediatr Surg Int. 20(10):768-72, 2004
- Kalache KD et al: Prognostic significance of the pouch sign in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed esophageal atresia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182(4):978-81, 2000
- Sparey C et al: Esophageal atresia in the Northern Region Congenital Anomaly Survey, 1985-1997: prenatal diagnosis and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182(2):427-31, 2000
- Kalache KD et al: The upper neck pouch sign: a prenatal sonographic marker for esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 11(2):138-40, 1998
- Satoh S et al: Antenatal sonographic detection of the proximal esophageal segment: specific evidence for congenital esophageal atresia. J Clin Ultrasound. 23(7):419-23, 1995
- Stringer MD et al: Prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 30(9):1258-63, 1995
- Estroff JA et al: Second trimester prenatal findings in duodenal and esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula. J Ultrasound Med. 13(5):375-9, 1994
- Surana R et al: Small intestinal atresia: effect on fetal nutrition. J Pediatr Surg. 29(9):1250-2, 1994
- Millener PB et al: Prognostic significance of nonvisualization of the fetal stomach by sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160(4):827-30, 1993
- Pretorius DH et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula in utero. Twenty-two cases. J Ultrasound Med. 6(9):509-13, 1987
- Jolleys A: An examination of the birthweights of babies with some abnormalities of the alimentary tract. J Pediatr Surg. 16(2):160-3, 1981
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Esophagus atresia (EA) often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
- > 90% have fistula
- Proximal atresia with distal TEF most common type
- Esophagus atresia (EA) often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Acher CW et al: Long-term outcomes of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula/fsophageal atresia: survey results from tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia online communities. Eur J Pediatr Surg. ePub, 2015
- Cartabuke RH et al: Long-term esophageal and respiratory outcomes in children with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). ePub, 2015
- Hochart V et al: The contribution of fetal MR imaging to the assessment of oesophageal atresia. Eur Radiol. 25(2):306-14, 2015
- Sfeir R et al: National Esophageal Atresia Register. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 25(6):497-9, 2015
- Ethun CG et al: Fetal MRI improves diagnostic accuracy in patients referred to a fetal center for suspected esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 49(5):712-5, 2014
- Garabedian C et al: Does a combination of ultrasound, MRI, and biochemical amniotic fluid analysis improve prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia? Prenat Diagn. 34(9):839-42, 2014
- Kunisaki SM et al: The diagnosis of fetal esophageal atresia and its implications on perinatal outcome. Pediatr Surg Int. 30(10):971-7, 2014
- Sfeir R et al: Esophageal atresia: data from a national cohort. J Pediatr Surg. 48(8):1664-9, 2013
- Pedersen RN et al: Oesophageal atresia: prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and associated anomalies in 23 European regions. Arch Dis Child. 97(3):227-32, 2012
- Burjonrappa S et al: Type A esophageal atresia: a critical review of management strategies at a single center. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):865-71, 2010
- de Jong EM et al: Etiology of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: "mind the gap". Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 12(3):215-22, 2010
- El-Gohary Y et al: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Semin Pediatr Surg. 19(3):186-93, 2010
- González-Hernández J et al: Esophageal atresia: new guidelines in management. Bol Asoc Med P R. 102(1):33-8, 2010
- Guo W et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula after primary repair of type C esophageal atresia in the neonatal period: recurrent or missed second congenital fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 45(12):2351-5, 2010
- Lacher M et al: Early and long term outcome in children with esophageal atresia treated over the last 22 years. Klin Padiatr. 222(5):296-301, 2010
- Oddsberg J et al: Maternal diabetes and risk of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 45(10):2004-8, 2010
- Peker E et al: TAR syndrome and esophagial atresia: a concomitant or variant condition? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. Epub ahead of print, 2010
- Quarello E et al: Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of the length of the defect in esophageal atresia using direct and indirect signs (tracheal print). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. Epub ahead of print, 2010
- Seo J et al: An 18-year experience of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Korean J Pediatr. 53(6):705-10, 2010
- Solt I et al: The esophageal 'pouch sign': a benign transient finding. Prenat Diagn. 30(9):845-8, 2010
- Stringel G et al: Repair of long gap esophageal atresia without anastomosis. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):872-5, 2010
- Tröbs RB et al: Embryogenesis of esophageal atresia: Is localized vascular accident a factor? J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 15(3):112-3, 2010
- Salomon LJ et al: Real-time fetal magnetic resonance imaging for the dynamic visualization of the pouch in esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 34(4):471-4, 2009
- Has R et al: Pouch sign in prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 23(5):523-4, 2004
- Kovesi T et al: Long-term complications of congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest. 126(3):915-25, 2004
- Malinger G et al: The fetal esophagus: anatomical and physiological ultrasonographic characterization using a high-resolution linear transducer. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 24(5):500-5, 2004
- Marquette GP et al: First-trimester imaging of combined esophageal and duodenal atresia without a tracheoesophageal fistula. J Ultrasound Med. 23(9):1232, 2004
- Samujh R et al: Oesophageal atresia and biliary atresia: a rare association. Pediatr Surg Int. 20(6):467-8, 2004
- Tonz M et al: Oesophageal atresia: what has changed in the last 3 decades? Pediatr Surg Int. 20(10):768-72, 2004
- Kalache KD et al: Prognostic significance of the pouch sign in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed esophageal atresia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182(4):978-81, 2000
- Sparey C et al: Esophageal atresia in the Northern Region Congenital Anomaly Survey, 1985-1997: prenatal diagnosis and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182(2):427-31, 2000
- Kalache KD et al: The upper neck pouch sign: a prenatal sonographic marker for esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 11(2):138-40, 1998
- Satoh S et al: Antenatal sonographic detection of the proximal esophageal segment: specific evidence for congenital esophageal atresia. J Clin Ultrasound. 23(7):419-23, 1995
- Stringer MD et al: Prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 30(9):1258-63, 1995
- Estroff JA et al: Second trimester prenatal findings in duodenal and esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula. J Ultrasound Med. 13(5):375-9, 1994
- Surana R et al: Small intestinal atresia: effect on fetal nutrition. J Pediatr Surg. 29(9):1250-2, 1994
- Millener PB et al: Prognostic significance of nonvisualization of the fetal stomach by sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160(4):827-30, 1993
- Pretorius DH et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula in utero. Twenty-two cases. J Ultrasound Med. 6(9):509-13, 1987
- Jolleys A: An examination of the birthweights of babies with some abnormalities of the alimentary tract. J Pediatr Surg. 16(2):160-3, 1981
