Esophagus atresia (EA) often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
> 90% have fistula
Proximal atresia with distal TEF most common type
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bell JC et al: Survival of infants born with esophageal atresia among 24 international birth defects surveillance programs. Birth Defects Res. ePub, 2021
Castro P et al: Dynamic study by magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of fetal esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 56(6):949-51, 2020
Rohanizadegan M et al: Genetic diagnoses and associated anomalies in fetuses prenatally diagnosed with esophageal atresia. Am J Med Genet A.182(8):1890-5, 2020
van de Putte R et al: Spectrum of congenital anomalies among VACTERL cases: a EUROCAT population-based study. Pediatr Res. 87(3):541-9, 2020
Dall'Asta A et al: Sonographic demonstration of fetal esophagus using three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):746-51, 2019
Pardy C et al: Prenatal detection of esophageal atresia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 98(6):689-99, 2019
Tracy S et al: The distended fetal hypopharynx: a sensitive and novel sign for the prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 53(6):1137-41, 2018
Venkatesh P: A simple and easy technique for imaging the fetal esophagus in the first, second, and third trimesters using the transverse section of the esophagus in the area behind the heart as a reference point. J Ultrasound Med. 37(12):2863-72, 2018
Vergouwe FWT et al: Longitudinal evaluation of growth in oesophageal atresia patients up to 12years. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 102(5):F417-22, 2017
Acher CW et al: Long-term outcomes of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula/fsophageal atresia: survey results from tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia online communities. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 26(6):476-80, 2015
Cartabuke RH et al: Long-term esophageal and respiratory outcomes in children with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 4(4):310-14, 2015
Hochart V et al: The contribution of fetal MR imaging to the assessment of oesophageal atresia. Eur Radiol. 25(2):306-14, 2015
Sfeir R et al: National Esophageal Atresia Register. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 25(6):497-9, 2015
Ethun CG et al: Fetal MRI improves diagnostic accuracy in patients referred to a fetal center for suspected esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 49(5):712-5, 2014
Garabedian C et al: Does a combination of ultrasound, MRI, and biochemical amniotic fluid analysis improve prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia? Prenat Diagn. 34(9):839-42, 2014
Kunisaki SM et al: The diagnosis of fetal esophageal atresia and its implications on perinatal outcome. Pediatr Surg Int. 30(10):971-7, 2014
Sfeir R et al: Esophageal atresia: data from a national cohort. J Pediatr Surg. 48(8):1664-9, 2013
Pedersen RN et al: Oesophageal atresia: prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and associated anomalies in 23 European regions. Arch Dis Child. 97(3):227-32, 2012
Burjonrappa S et al: Type A esophageal atresia: a critical review of management strategies at a single center. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):865-71, 2010
de Jong EM et al: Etiology of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: "mind the gap". Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 12(3):215-22, 2010
El-Gohary Y et al: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Semin Pediatr Surg. 19(3):186-93, 2010
González-Hernández J et al: Esophageal atresia: new guidelines in management. Bol Asoc Med P R. 102(1):33-8, 2010
Guo W et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula after primary repair of type C esophageal atresia in the neonatal period: recurrent or missed second congenital fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 45(12):2351-5, 2010
Lacher M et al: Early and long term outcome in children with esophageal atresia treated over the last 22 years. Klin Padiatr. 222(5):296-301, 2010
Oddsberg J et al: Maternal diabetes and risk of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 45(10):2004-8, 2010
Peker E et al: TAR syndrome and esophagial atresia: a concomitant or variant condition? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 24(2):226-8, 2010
Quarello E et al: Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of the length of the defect in esophageal atresia using direct and indirect signs (tracheal print). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 38(2):225-8, 2010
Seo J et al: An 18-year experience of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Korean J Pediatr. 53(6):705-10, 2010
Solt I et al: The esophageal 'pouch sign': a benign transient finding. Prenat Diagn. 30(9):845-8, 2010
Tröbs RB et al: Embryogenesis of esophageal atresia: Is localized vascular accident a factor? J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 15(3):112-3, 2010
Salomon LJ et al: Real-time fetal magnetic resonance imaging for the dynamic visualization of the pouch in esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 34(4):471-4, 2009
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Esophagus atresia (EA) often associated with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
> 90% have fistula
Proximal atresia with distal TEF most common type
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bell JC et al: Survival of infants born with esophageal atresia among 24 international birth defects surveillance programs. Birth Defects Res. ePub, 2021
Castro P et al: Dynamic study by magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of fetal esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 56(6):949-51, 2020
Rohanizadegan M et al: Genetic diagnoses and associated anomalies in fetuses prenatally diagnosed with esophageal atresia. Am J Med Genet A.182(8):1890-5, 2020
van de Putte R et al: Spectrum of congenital anomalies among VACTERL cases: a EUROCAT population-based study. Pediatr Res. 87(3):541-9, 2020
Dall'Asta A et al: Sonographic demonstration of fetal esophagus using three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):746-51, 2019
Pardy C et al: Prenatal detection of esophageal atresia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 98(6):689-99, 2019
Tracy S et al: The distended fetal hypopharynx: a sensitive and novel sign for the prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 53(6):1137-41, 2018
Venkatesh P: A simple and easy technique for imaging the fetal esophagus in the first, second, and third trimesters using the transverse section of the esophagus in the area behind the heart as a reference point. J Ultrasound Med. 37(12):2863-72, 2018
Vergouwe FWT et al: Longitudinal evaluation of growth in oesophageal atresia patients up to 12years. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 102(5):F417-22, 2017
Acher CW et al: Long-term outcomes of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula/fsophageal atresia: survey results from tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia online communities. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 26(6):476-80, 2015
Cartabuke RH et al: Long-term esophageal and respiratory outcomes in children with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 4(4):310-14, 2015
Hochart V et al: The contribution of fetal MR imaging to the assessment of oesophageal atresia. Eur Radiol. 25(2):306-14, 2015
Sfeir R et al: National Esophageal Atresia Register. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 25(6):497-9, 2015
Ethun CG et al: Fetal MRI improves diagnostic accuracy in patients referred to a fetal center for suspected esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 49(5):712-5, 2014
Garabedian C et al: Does a combination of ultrasound, MRI, and biochemical amniotic fluid analysis improve prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia? Prenat Diagn. 34(9):839-42, 2014
Kunisaki SM et al: The diagnosis of fetal esophageal atresia and its implications on perinatal outcome. Pediatr Surg Int. 30(10):971-7, 2014
Sfeir R et al: Esophageal atresia: data from a national cohort. J Pediatr Surg. 48(8):1664-9, 2013
Pedersen RN et al: Oesophageal atresia: prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and associated anomalies in 23 European regions. Arch Dis Child. 97(3):227-32, 2012
Burjonrappa S et al: Type A esophageal atresia: a critical review of management strategies at a single center. J Pediatr Surg. 45(5):865-71, 2010
de Jong EM et al: Etiology of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: "mind the gap". Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 12(3):215-22, 2010
El-Gohary Y et al: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus. Semin Pediatr Surg. 19(3):186-93, 2010
González-Hernández J et al: Esophageal atresia: new guidelines in management. Bol Asoc Med P R. 102(1):33-8, 2010
Guo W et al: Tracheoesophageal fistula after primary repair of type C esophageal atresia in the neonatal period: recurrent or missed second congenital fistula. J Pediatr Surg. 45(12):2351-5, 2010
Lacher M et al: Early and long term outcome in children with esophageal atresia treated over the last 22 years. Klin Padiatr. 222(5):296-301, 2010
Oddsberg J et al: Maternal diabetes and risk of esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 45(10):2004-8, 2010
Peker E et al: TAR syndrome and esophagial atresia: a concomitant or variant condition? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 24(2):226-8, 2010
Quarello E et al: Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of the length of the defect in esophageal atresia using direct and indirect signs (tracheal print). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 38(2):225-8, 2010
Seo J et al: An 18-year experience of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Korean J Pediatr. 53(6):705-10, 2010
Solt I et al: The esophageal 'pouch sign': a benign transient finding. Prenat Diagn. 30(9):845-8, 2010
Tröbs RB et al: Embryogenesis of esophageal atresia: Is localized vascular accident a factor? J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 15(3):112-3, 2010
Salomon LJ et al: Real-time fetal magnetic resonance imaging for the dynamic visualization of the pouch in esophageal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 34(4):471-4, 2009
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