Lioutas VA et al: Assessment of incidence and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage among participants in the Framingham heart study between 1948 and 2016. JAMA Neurol. ePub, 2020
Wee NK et al: CT fluid-blood levels in COVID-19 intracranial hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. ePub, 2020
Ho CW et al: Ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage with aspirin, dabigatran, and warfarin: impact of quality of anticoagulation control. Stroke. 46(1):23-30, 2015
Schelhorn J et al: Intracranial hemorrhage detection over time using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol. 56(12):1501-7, 2014
Taylor B et al: Underlying effect of age on outcome differences in arteriovenous malformation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 22(3):526-9, 2014
Toyoda K et al: Seeking best medical treatment for hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 84(5):444-5, 2014
van Etten ES et al: Incidence of symptomatic hemorrhage in patients with lobar microbleeds. Stroke. 45(8):2280-5, 2014
Wang X et al: Clinical prediction algorithm (BRAIN) to determine risk of hematoma growth in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 46(2):376-81, 2014
Cheng AL et al: Susceptibility-weighted imaging is more reliable than T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo MRI for detecting microbleeds. Stroke. 44(10):2782-6, 2013
Barras CD et al: Density and shape as CT predictors of intracerebral hemorrhage growth. Stroke. 40(4):1325-31, 2009
Ederies A et al: Postcontrast CT extravasation is associated with hematoma expansion in CTA spot negative patients. Stroke. 40(5):1672-6, 2009
Sacco S et al: Incidence and 10-year survival of intracerebral hemorrhage in a population-based registry. Stroke. 40(2):394-9, 2009
Rost NS et al: The genetic architecture of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 39(7):2166-73, 2008
Flaherty ML et al: The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 68(2):116-21, 2007
Flaherty ML et al: Long-term mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 66(8):1182-6, 2006
Silvera S et al: Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma on diffusion-weighted images: influence of T2-shine-through and T2-blackout effects. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):236-41, 2005
Woo D et al: Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results of a population-based study. Stroke. 33(5):1190-5, 2002
Parizel PM et al: Intracranial hemorrhage: principles of CT and MRI interpretation. Eur Radiol. 11(9):1770-83, 2001
Liang L et al: Detection of intracranial hemorrhage with susceptibility-weighted MR sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(8):1527-34, 1999
Lampl Y et al: Neurological and functional outcome in patients with supratentorial hemorrhages. A prospective study. Stroke. 26(12):2249-53, 1995
Pfleger MJ et al: Sensitivity and specificity of fluid-blood levels for coagulopathy in acute intracerebral hematomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(2):217-23, 1994
Bradley WG Jr: MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology. 189(1):15-26, 1993
Atlas SW et al: Intracranial hemorrhage: gradient-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T. Comparison with spin-echo imaging and clinical applications. Radiology. 168(3):803-7, 1988
Gomori JM et al: Mechanisms responsible for the MR appearance and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiographics. 8(3):427-40, 1988
Gomori JM et al: NMR relaxation times of blood: dependence on field strength, oxidation state, and cell integrity. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11(4):684-90, 1987
Gomori JM et al: Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology. 157(1):87-93, 1985
Laster DW et al: Resolving intracerebral hematoma: alteration of the "ring sign" with steroids. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 130(5):935-9, 1978
Dolinskas CA et al: Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 129(4):681-8, 1977
New PF et al: Attenuation measurements of whole blood and blood fractions in computed tomography. Radiology. 121(3 Pt, 1976
Eissner G et al: [Antibody levels in young cattle of varying races after a first anti-foot-and-mouth disease vaccination with vaccines prepared by different methods.] Bull Off Int Epizoot. 77(5):995-1003, 1972
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Intracerebral hematoma (ICH)
Synonyms
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Definitions
Parenchymal blood collection
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Lioutas VA et al: Assessment of incidence and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage among participants in the Framingham heart study between 1948 and 2016. JAMA Neurol. ePub, 2020
Wee NK et al: CT fluid-blood levels in COVID-19 intracranial hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. ePub, 2020
Ho CW et al: Ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage with aspirin, dabigatran, and warfarin: impact of quality of anticoagulation control. Stroke. 46(1):23-30, 2015
Schelhorn J et al: Intracranial hemorrhage detection over time using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol. 56(12):1501-7, 2014
Taylor B et al: Underlying effect of age on outcome differences in arteriovenous malformation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 22(3):526-9, 2014
Toyoda K et al: Seeking best medical treatment for hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 84(5):444-5, 2014
van Etten ES et al: Incidence of symptomatic hemorrhage in patients with lobar microbleeds. Stroke. 45(8):2280-5, 2014
Wang X et al: Clinical prediction algorithm (BRAIN) to determine risk of hematoma growth in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 46(2):376-81, 2014
Cheng AL et al: Susceptibility-weighted imaging is more reliable than T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo MRI for detecting microbleeds. Stroke. 44(10):2782-6, 2013
Barras CD et al: Density and shape as CT predictors of intracerebral hemorrhage growth. Stroke. 40(4):1325-31, 2009
Ederies A et al: Postcontrast CT extravasation is associated with hematoma expansion in CTA spot negative patients. Stroke. 40(5):1672-6, 2009
Sacco S et al: Incidence and 10-year survival of intracerebral hemorrhage in a population-based registry. Stroke. 40(2):394-9, 2009
Rost NS et al: The genetic architecture of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 39(7):2166-73, 2008
Flaherty ML et al: The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 68(2):116-21, 2007
Flaherty ML et al: Long-term mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 66(8):1182-6, 2006
Silvera S et al: Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma on diffusion-weighted images: influence of T2-shine-through and T2-blackout effects. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(2):236-41, 2005
Woo D et al: Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results of a population-based study. Stroke. 33(5):1190-5, 2002
Parizel PM et al: Intracranial hemorrhage: principles of CT and MRI interpretation. Eur Radiol. 11(9):1770-83, 2001
Liang L et al: Detection of intracranial hemorrhage with susceptibility-weighted MR sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(8):1527-34, 1999
Lampl Y et al: Neurological and functional outcome in patients with supratentorial hemorrhages. A prospective study. Stroke. 26(12):2249-53, 1995
Pfleger MJ et al: Sensitivity and specificity of fluid-blood levels for coagulopathy in acute intracerebral hematomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(2):217-23, 1994
Bradley WG Jr: MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology. 189(1):15-26, 1993
Atlas SW et al: Intracranial hemorrhage: gradient-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T. Comparison with spin-echo imaging and clinical applications. Radiology. 168(3):803-7, 1988
Gomori JM et al: Mechanisms responsible for the MR appearance and evolution of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiographics. 8(3):427-40, 1988
Gomori JM et al: NMR relaxation times of blood: dependence on field strength, oxidation state, and cell integrity. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11(4):684-90, 1987
Gomori JM et al: Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology. 157(1):87-93, 1985
Laster DW et al: Resolving intracerebral hematoma: alteration of the "ring sign" with steroids. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 130(5):935-9, 1978
Dolinskas CA et al: Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 129(4):681-8, 1977
New PF et al: Attenuation measurements of whole blood and blood fractions in computed tomography. Radiology. 121(3 Pt, 1976
Eissner G et al: [Antibody levels in young cattle of varying races after a first anti-foot-and-mouth disease vaccination with vaccines prepared by different methods.] Bull Off Int Epizoot. 77(5):995-1003, 1972
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