Reduces radiation dose to uninvolved surrounding tissues & organs
Definitions
Expected changes in imaging appearances of neck following XRT
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Ravanelli M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of the superior cervical ganglion and expected changes after radiation therapy to the head and neck in a long-term follow-up. Neuroradiology. 62(4):519-24, 2020
El Beltagi AH et al: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of head and neck cancer: performance and potential. Neuroradiol J. 32(1):36-52, 2019
Traylor KS et al: Squamous cell carcinoma: PET/CT and PET/MRI of the pretreatment and post-treatment neck. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 40(5):400-13, 2019
Bird T et al: Outcomes of intensity-modulated radiotherapy as primary treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma - a European single institution analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. ePub, 2016
Gutiontov SI et al: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck surgeons. Head Neck. 38 Suppl 1:E2368-73, 2016
Huang TL et al: Long-term late toxicities and quality of life for survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus non-intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Head Neck. 38 Suppl 1:E1026-32, 2016
Tol JP et al: A longitudinal evaluation of improvements in radiotherapy treatment plan quality for head and neck cancer patients. Radiother Oncol. 119(2):337-43, 2016
Kraaijenga SA et al: Evaluation of long term (10-years+) dysphagia and trismus in patients treated with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 51(8):787-94, 2015
Varoquaux A et al: Diffusion-weighted and PET/MR Imaging after Radiation Therapy for Malignant Head and Neck Tumors. Radiographics. 35(5):1502-27, 2015
Zhang LL et al: The Evolution of and Risk Factors for Neck Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy: A Retrospective Study in an Endemic Area. Medicine (Baltimore). 94(31):e1294, 2015
Gunn GB et al: Advances in radiation oncology for the management of oropharyngeal tumors. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 46(4):629-43, 2013
Glastonbury CM et al: The postradiation neck: evaluating response to treatment and recognizing complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(2):W164-71, 2010
Murphy BA et al: Mucositis-related morbidity and resource utilization in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 38(4):522-32, 2009
Popovtzer A et al: Anatomical changes in the pharyngeal constrictors after chemo-irradiation of head and neck cancer and their dose-effect relationships: MRI-based study. Radiother Oncol. 93(3):510-5, 2009
Truong MT et al: Emerging applications of stereotactic radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Neurosurg Focus. 27(6):E11, 2009
Hermans R: Posttreatment imaging in head and neck cancer. Eur J Radiol. 66(3):501-11, 2008
Corvò R: Evidence-based radiation oncology in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 85(1):156-70, 2007
Zackrisson B et al: A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in head and neck cancer. Acta Oncol. 42(5-6):443-61, 2003
Wu Q et al: The potential for sparing of parotids and escalation of biologically effective dose with intensity-modulated radiation treatments of head and neck cancers: a treatment design study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 46(1):195-205, 2000
Teh BS et al: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): a new promising technology in radiation oncology. Oncologist. 4(6):433-42, 1999
Mukherji SK et al: Radiologic appearance of the irradiated larynx. Part I. Expected changes. Radiology. 193(1):141-8, 1994
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KEY FACTS
Imaging
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TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Radiation therapy (XRT)
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
Reduces radiation dose to uninvolved surrounding tissues & organs
Definitions
Expected changes in imaging appearances of neck following XRT
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Ravanelli M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of the superior cervical ganglion and expected changes after radiation therapy to the head and neck in a long-term follow-up. Neuroradiology. 62(4):519-24, 2020
El Beltagi AH et al: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of head and neck cancer: performance and potential. Neuroradiol J. 32(1):36-52, 2019
Traylor KS et al: Squamous cell carcinoma: PET/CT and PET/MRI of the pretreatment and post-treatment neck. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 40(5):400-13, 2019
Bird T et al: Outcomes of intensity-modulated radiotherapy as primary treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma - a European single institution analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. ePub, 2016
Gutiontov SI et al: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck surgeons. Head Neck. 38 Suppl 1:E2368-73, 2016
Huang TL et al: Long-term late toxicities and quality of life for survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus non-intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Head Neck. 38 Suppl 1:E1026-32, 2016
Tol JP et al: A longitudinal evaluation of improvements in radiotherapy treatment plan quality for head and neck cancer patients. Radiother Oncol. 119(2):337-43, 2016
Kraaijenga SA et al: Evaluation of long term (10-years+) dysphagia and trismus in patients treated with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 51(8):787-94, 2015
Varoquaux A et al: Diffusion-weighted and PET/MR Imaging after Radiation Therapy for Malignant Head and Neck Tumors. Radiographics. 35(5):1502-27, 2015
Zhang LL et al: The Evolution of and Risk Factors for Neck Muscle Atrophy and Weakness in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy: A Retrospective Study in an Endemic Area. Medicine (Baltimore). 94(31):e1294, 2015
Gunn GB et al: Advances in radiation oncology for the management of oropharyngeal tumors. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 46(4):629-43, 2013
Glastonbury CM et al: The postradiation neck: evaluating response to treatment and recognizing complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 195(2):W164-71, 2010
Murphy BA et al: Mucositis-related morbidity and resource utilization in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 38(4):522-32, 2009
Popovtzer A et al: Anatomical changes in the pharyngeal constrictors after chemo-irradiation of head and neck cancer and their dose-effect relationships: MRI-based study. Radiother Oncol. 93(3):510-5, 2009
Truong MT et al: Emerging applications of stereotactic radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Neurosurg Focus. 27(6):E11, 2009
Hermans R: Posttreatment imaging in head and neck cancer. Eur J Radiol. 66(3):501-11, 2008
Corvò R: Evidence-based radiation oncology in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 85(1):156-70, 2007
Zackrisson B et al: A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in head and neck cancer. Acta Oncol. 42(5-6):443-61, 2003
Wu Q et al: The potential for sparing of parotids and escalation of biologically effective dose with intensity-modulated radiation treatments of head and neck cancers: a treatment design study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 46(1):195-205, 2000
Teh BS et al: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): a new promising technology in radiation oncology. Oncologist. 4(6):433-42, 1999
Mukherji SK et al: Radiologic appearance of the irradiated larynx. Part I. Expected changes. Radiology. 193(1):141-8, 1994
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