Morita S et al: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes for patients with external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol. 39(2):189-195, 2018
Widmann G: Head & Neck MRI: What ENT specialists should know. Laryngorhinootologie. 97(3):206-214, 2018
Thompson LD: Update from the 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumours: tumours of the ear. Head Neck Pathol. 11(1):78-87, 2017
Adams A et al: Branchial cleft anomalies: a pictorial review of embryological development and spectrum of imaging findings. Insights Imaging. 7(1):69-76, 2016
Hobson CE et al: Malignant otitis externa: evolving pathogens and implications for diagnosis and treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 151(1):112-116, 2014
Adams A et al: Central skull base osteomyelitis as a complication of necrotizing otitis externa: Imaging findings, complications, and challenges of diagnosis. Clin Radiol. 67(10):e7-e16, 2012
Ludwig BJ et al: Diagnostic imaging in nontraumatic pediatric head and neck emergencies. Radiographics. 30(3):781-99, 2010
Kösling S et al: Congenital malformations of the external and middle ear. Eur J Radiol. 69(2):269-79, 2009
Lobo D et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal. Skull Base. 18(3):167-72, 2008
Yu Z et al: Facial nerve course in congenital aural atresia--identified by preoperative CT scanning and surgical findings. Acta Otolaryngol. 128(12):1375-80, 2008
Gassner EM et al: Preoperative evaluation of external auditory canal atresia on high-resolution CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(5):1305-12, 2004
Heilbrun ME et al: External auditory canal cholesteatoma: clinical and imaging spectrum. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(4):751-6, 2003
Hopsu E et al: Idiopathic inflammatory medial meatal fibrotizing otitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128(11):1313-6, 2002
Grandis JR et al: Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis: prospective comparison of CT and MR imaging in diagnosis and follow-up. Radiology. 196(2):499-504, 1995
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
Key Differential Diagnosis Issues
Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses
Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses
Helpful Clues for Rare Diagnoses
Alternative Differential Approaches
Selected References
Morita S et al: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes for patients with external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol. 39(2):189-195, 2018
Widmann G: Head & Neck MRI: What ENT specialists should know. Laryngorhinootologie. 97(3):206-214, 2018
Thompson LD: Update from the 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumours: tumours of the ear. Head Neck Pathol. 11(1):78-87, 2017
Adams A et al: Branchial cleft anomalies: a pictorial review of embryological development and spectrum of imaging findings. Insights Imaging. 7(1):69-76, 2016
Hobson CE et al: Malignant otitis externa: evolving pathogens and implications for diagnosis and treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 151(1):112-116, 2014
Adams A et al: Central skull base osteomyelitis as a complication of necrotizing otitis externa: Imaging findings, complications, and challenges of diagnosis. Clin Radiol. 67(10):e7-e16, 2012
Ludwig BJ et al: Diagnostic imaging in nontraumatic pediatric head and neck emergencies. Radiographics. 30(3):781-99, 2010
Kösling S et al: Congenital malformations of the external and middle ear. Eur J Radiol. 69(2):269-79, 2009
Lobo D et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal. Skull Base. 18(3):167-72, 2008
Yu Z et al: Facial nerve course in congenital aural atresia--identified by preoperative CT scanning and surgical findings. Acta Otolaryngol. 128(12):1375-80, 2008
Gassner EM et al: Preoperative evaluation of external auditory canal atresia on high-resolution CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(5):1305-12, 2004
Heilbrun ME et al: External auditory canal cholesteatoma: clinical and imaging spectrum. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(4):751-6, 2003
Hopsu E et al: Idiopathic inflammatory medial meatal fibrotizing otitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128(11):1313-6, 2002
Grandis JR et al: Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis: prospective comparison of CT and MR imaging in diagnosis and follow-up. Radiology. 196(2):499-504, 1995
Essential Information
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