Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR; Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)
Synonyms
Extramedullary erythropoiesis
Definitions
Formation of nonneoplastic blood cell lines outside bone marrow
Any extramedullary site of hematopoiesis is abnormal after birth
Extramedullary compensatory formation of blood elements due to decreased medullary hematopoiesis
Inadequate blood cell production or marrow replacement
Common incidental finding in patients with hematological disorders (e.g., thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, myelofibrosis)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Malla S et al: Marrow outside marrow: imaging of extramedullary haematopoiesis. Clin Radiol. ePub, 2020
Gosein M et al: Imaging features of thalassaemia. Br J Radiol. 92(1095):20180658, 2019
Huang Y et al: Erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Biomed Res Int. 2019:4504302, 2019
Oon SF et al: Primary myelofibrosis: spectrum of imaging features and disease-related complications. Insights Imaging. 10(1):71, 2019
Fan N et al: Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the absence of myeloproliferative neoplasm: Mayo Clinic case series of 309 patients. Blood Cancer J. 8(12):119, 2018
Reddy R: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in primary myelofibrosis. Neurol India. 65(4):913-4, 2017
Roberts AS et al: Extramedullary haematopoiesis: radiological imaging features. Clin Radiol. 71(9):807-14, 2016
Mehta S et al: Intracranial extramedullary haematopoiesis: a case report. Br J Neurosurg. 1-3, 2015
Mughal TI et al: Myelofibrosis-associated complications: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and effects on outcomes. Int J Gen Med. 7:89-101, 2014
Singer A et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a rare cause of headaches. J Neuroimaging. 24(5):524-7, 2014
Ghieda U et al: Progressive spinal cord compression due to epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis in thalassemia intermedia. A case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 26(1):111-7, 2013
Palma JA et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis associated with multiple myeloma. Neurology. 80(17):1620, 2013
Tefferi A: Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 88(2):141-50, 2013
Eskazan AE et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia: a case report and review of the literature. Transfusion. 52(8):1715-20, 2012
Sohawon D et al: Extra-medullary haematopoiesis: a pictorial review of its typical and atypical locations. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 56(5):538-44, 2012
Jiang WX et al: 37-year-old woman with multiple intracranial masses. Brain Pathol. 21(5):607-10, 2011
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)
Synonyms
Extramedullary erythropoiesis
Definitions
Formation of nonneoplastic blood cell lines outside bone marrow
Any extramedullary site of hematopoiesis is abnormal after birth
Extramedullary compensatory formation of blood elements due to decreased medullary hematopoiesis
Inadequate blood cell production or marrow replacement
Common incidental finding in patients with hematological disorders (e.g., thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, myelofibrosis)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Malla S et al: Marrow outside marrow: imaging of extramedullary haematopoiesis. Clin Radiol. ePub, 2020
Gosein M et al: Imaging features of thalassaemia. Br J Radiol. 92(1095):20180658, 2019
Huang Y et al: Erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Biomed Res Int. 2019:4504302, 2019
Oon SF et al: Primary myelofibrosis: spectrum of imaging features and disease-related complications. Insights Imaging. 10(1):71, 2019
Fan N et al: Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the absence of myeloproliferative neoplasm: Mayo Clinic case series of 309 patients. Blood Cancer J. 8(12):119, 2018
Reddy R: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in primary myelofibrosis. Neurol India. 65(4):913-4, 2017
Roberts AS et al: Extramedullary haematopoiesis: radiological imaging features. Clin Radiol. 71(9):807-14, 2016
Mehta S et al: Intracranial extramedullary haematopoiesis: a case report. Br J Neurosurg. 1-3, 2015
Mughal TI et al: Myelofibrosis-associated complications: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and effects on outcomes. Int J Gen Med. 7:89-101, 2014
Singer A et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a rare cause of headaches. J Neuroimaging. 24(5):524-7, 2014
Ghieda U et al: Progressive spinal cord compression due to epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis in thalassemia intermedia. A case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 26(1):111-7, 2013
Palma JA et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis associated with multiple myeloma. Neurology. 80(17):1620, 2013
Tefferi A: Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 88(2):141-50, 2013
Eskazan AE et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia: a case report and review of the literature. Transfusion. 52(8):1715-20, 2012
Sohawon D et al: Extra-medullary haematopoiesis: a pictorial review of its typical and atypical locations. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 56(5):538-44, 2012
Jiang WX et al: 37-year-old woman with multiple intracranial masses. Brain Pathol. 21(5):607-10, 2011
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