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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)
Synonyms
- Extramedullary erythropoiesis
Definitions
- Formation of nonneoplastic blood cell lines outside bone marrow
- Any extramedullary site of hematopoiesis is abnormal after birth
- Extramedullary compensatory formation of blood elements due to decreased medullary hematopoiesis
- Inadequate blood cell production or marrow replacement
- Common incidental finding in patients with hematological disorders (e.g., thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, myelofibrosis)
- Formation of nonneoplastic blood cell lines outside bone marrow
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Malla S et al: Marrow outside marrow: imaging of extramedullary haematopoiesis. Clin Radiol. ePub, 2020
- Gosein M et al: Imaging features of thalassaemia. Br J Radiol. 92(1095):20180658, 2019
- Huang Y et al: Erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Biomed Res Int. 2019:4504302, 2019
- Oon SF et al: Primary myelofibrosis: spectrum of imaging features and disease-related complications. Insights Imaging. 10(1):71, 2019
- Fan N et al: Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the absence of myeloproliferative neoplasm: Mayo Clinic case series of 309 patients. Blood Cancer J. 8(12):119, 2018
- Reddy R: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in primary myelofibrosis. Neurol India. 65(4):913-4, 2017
- Roberts AS et al: Extramedullary haematopoiesis: radiological imaging features. Clin Radiol. 71(9):807-14, 2016
- Mehta S et al: Intracranial extramedullary haematopoiesis: a case report. Br J Neurosurg. 1-3, 2015
- Mughal TI et al: Myelofibrosis-associated complications: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and effects on outcomes. Int J Gen Med. 7:89-101, 2014
- Singer A et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a rare cause of headaches. J Neuroimaging. 24(5):524-7, 2014
- Ghieda U et al: Progressive spinal cord compression due to epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis in thalassemia intermedia. A case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 26(1):111-7, 2013
- Palma JA et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis associated with multiple myeloma. Neurology. 80(17):1620, 2013
- Tefferi A: Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 88(2):141-50, 2013
- Eskazan AE et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia: a case report and review of the literature. Transfusion. 52(8):1715-20, 2012
- Sohawon D et al: Extra-medullary haematopoiesis: a pictorial review of its typical and atypical locations. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 56(5):538-44, 2012
- Jiang WX et al: 37-year-old woman with multiple intracranial masses. Brain Pathol. 21(5):607-10, 2011
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)
Synonyms
- Extramedullary erythropoiesis
Definitions
- Formation of nonneoplastic blood cell lines outside bone marrow
- Any extramedullary site of hematopoiesis is abnormal after birth
- Extramedullary compensatory formation of blood elements due to decreased medullary hematopoiesis
- Inadequate blood cell production or marrow replacement
- Common incidental finding in patients with hematological disorders (e.g., thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, myelofibrosis)
- Formation of nonneoplastic blood cell lines outside bone marrow
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Malla S et al: Marrow outside marrow: imaging of extramedullary haematopoiesis. Clin Radiol. ePub, 2020
- Gosein M et al: Imaging features of thalassaemia. Br J Radiol. 92(1095):20180658, 2019
- Huang Y et al: Erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Biomed Res Int. 2019:4504302, 2019
- Oon SF et al: Primary myelofibrosis: spectrum of imaging features and disease-related complications. Insights Imaging. 10(1):71, 2019
- Fan N et al: Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the absence of myeloproliferative neoplasm: Mayo Clinic case series of 309 patients. Blood Cancer J. 8(12):119, 2018
- Reddy R: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in primary myelofibrosis. Neurol India. 65(4):913-4, 2017
- Roberts AS et al: Extramedullary haematopoiesis: radiological imaging features. Clin Radiol. 71(9):807-14, 2016
- Mehta S et al: Intracranial extramedullary haematopoiesis: a case report. Br J Neurosurg. 1-3, 2015
- Mughal TI et al: Myelofibrosis-associated complications: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and effects on outcomes. Int J Gen Med. 7:89-101, 2014
- Singer A et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a rare cause of headaches. J Neuroimaging. 24(5):524-7, 2014
- Ghieda U et al: Progressive spinal cord compression due to epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis in thalassemia intermedia. A case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 26(1):111-7, 2013
- Palma JA et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis associated with multiple myeloma. Neurology. 80(17):1620, 2013
- Tefferi A: Primary myelofibrosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 88(2):141-50, 2013
- Eskazan AE et al: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia: a case report and review of the literature. Transfusion. 52(8):1715-20, 2012
- Sohawon D et al: Extra-medullary haematopoiesis: a pictorial review of its typical and atypical locations. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 56(5):538-44, 2012
- Jiang WX et al: 37-year-old woman with multiple intracranial masses. Brain Pathol. 21(5):607-10, 2011
