Most commonly due to Rhesus (Rh) or other minor red cell antigen/protein incompatibility
Maternal antibodies cross placenta and cause lysis of fetal red blood cells, leading to fetal anemia
Sensitization can be from prior pregnancy
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Castleman JS et al: Red cell alloimmunization: a 2020 update. Prenat Diagn. 40(9):1099-108, 2020
Radhakrishnan P et al: Prediction of fetal anemia in subsequent transfusions: is there a need to change the threshold of the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery? Fetal Diagn Ther. 47(6):491-6, 2020
Sánchez-Durán MÁ et al: Perinatal outcomes and central nervous system abnormalities following intrauterine fetal transfusion: 17years' experience in a tertiary center. Transfusion. 60(11):2557-64, 2020
Jørgensen DS et al: Magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to optimize the prediction of fetal anemia? Fetal Diagn Ther. 46(4):257-65, 2019
Martinez-Portilla RJ et al: Performance of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity for prediction of anemia in untransfused and transfused fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):722-31, 2019
Prefumo F et al: Fetal anemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 58:2-14, 2019
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 192 summary: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(3):611-2, 2018
Salvi S et al: Reliability of Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery in the near and far fields in healthy and anemic fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 34(11):2037-42, 2015
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: [email protected] et al: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #8: the fetus at risk for anemia--diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 212(6):697-710, 2015
Hermann M et al: Cerebral Doppler velocimetry to predict fetal anemia after more than three intravenous fetal exchange transfusions. Transfusion. 54(11):2968-73, 2014
Slaghekke F et al: Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence: diagnostic criteria, classification, perinatal management and outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(4):181-90, 2010
Yang Y et al: Homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 presenting in a fetus without anemia. Acta Haematol. 123(4):207-9, 2010
Most commonly due to Rhesus (Rh) or other minor red cell antigen/protein incompatibility
Maternal antibodies cross placenta and cause lysis of fetal red blood cells, leading to fetal anemia
Sensitization can be from prior pregnancy
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Castleman JS et al: Red cell alloimmunization: a 2020 update. Prenat Diagn. 40(9):1099-108, 2020
Radhakrishnan P et al: Prediction of fetal anemia in subsequent transfusions: is there a need to change the threshold of the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery? Fetal Diagn Ther. 47(6):491-6, 2020
Sánchez-Durán MÁ et al: Perinatal outcomes and central nervous system abnormalities following intrauterine fetal transfusion: 17years' experience in a tertiary center. Transfusion. 60(11):2557-64, 2020
Jørgensen DS et al: Magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to optimize the prediction of fetal anemia? Fetal Diagn Ther. 46(4):257-65, 2019
Martinez-Portilla RJ et al: Performance of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity for prediction of anemia in untransfused and transfused fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):722-31, 2019
Prefumo F et al: Fetal anemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 58:2-14, 2019
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 192 summary: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(3):611-2, 2018
Salvi S et al: Reliability of Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery in the near and far fields in healthy and anemic fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 34(11):2037-42, 2015
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: [email protected] et al: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #8: the fetus at risk for anemia--diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 212(6):697-710, 2015
Hermann M et al: Cerebral Doppler velocimetry to predict fetal anemia after more than three intravenous fetal exchange transfusions. Transfusion. 54(11):2968-73, 2014
Slaghekke F et al: Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence: diagnostic criteria, classification, perinatal management and outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(4):181-90, 2010
Yang Y et al: Homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 presenting in a fetus without anemia. Acta Haematol. 123(4):207-9, 2010
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.