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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Abnormal or decreased fetal red blood cells
- Etiologies: Immune, infectious, inherited, aneuploidy, monochorionic twin complications, fetomaternal hemorrhage
- Most commonly due to Rhesus (Rh) or other minor red cell antigen/protein incompatibility
- Maternal antibodies cross placenta and cause lysis of fetal red blood cells, leading to fetal anemia
- Sensitization can be from prior pregnancy
- Abnormal or decreased fetal red blood cells
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Castleman JS et al: Red cell alloimmunization: a 2020 update. Prenat Diagn. 40(9):1099-108, 2020
- Radhakrishnan P et al: Prediction of fetal anemia in subsequent transfusions: is there a need to change the threshold of the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery? Fetal Diagn Ther. 47(6):491-6, 2020
- Sánchez-Durán MÁ et al: Perinatal outcomes and central nervous system abnormalities following intrauterine fetal transfusion: 17years' experience in a tertiary center. Transfusion. 60(11):2557-64, 2020
- Jørgensen DS et al: Magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to optimize the prediction of fetal anemia? Fetal Diagn Ther. 46(4):257-65, 2019
- Martinez-Portilla RJ et al: Performance of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity for prediction of anemia in untransfused and transfused fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):722-31, 2019
- Prefumo F et al: Fetal anemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 58:2-14, 2019
- ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 192 summary: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(3):611-2, 2018
- Salvi S et al: Reliability of Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery in the near and far fields in healthy and anemic fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 34(11):2037-42, 2015
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: [email protected] et al: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #8: the fetus at risk for anemia--diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 212(6):697-710, 2015
- Hermann M et al: Cerebral Doppler velocimetry to predict fetal anemia after more than three intravenous fetal exchange transfusions. Transfusion. 54(11):2968-73, 2014
- Slaghekke F et al: Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence: diagnostic criteria, classification, perinatal management and outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(4):181-90, 2010
- Yang Y et al: Homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 presenting in a fetus without anemia. Acta Haematol. 123(4):207-9, 2010
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Abnormal or decreased fetal red blood cells
- Etiologies: Immune, infectious, inherited, aneuploidy, monochorionic twin complications, fetomaternal hemorrhage
- Most commonly due to Rhesus (Rh) or other minor red cell antigen/protein incompatibility
- Maternal antibodies cross placenta and cause lysis of fetal red blood cells, leading to fetal anemia
- Sensitization can be from prior pregnancy
- Abnormal or decreased fetal red blood cells
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Castleman JS et al: Red cell alloimmunization: a 2020 update. Prenat Diagn. 40(9):1099-108, 2020
- Radhakrishnan P et al: Prediction of fetal anemia in subsequent transfusions: is there a need to change the threshold of the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery? Fetal Diagn Ther. 47(6):491-6, 2020
- Sánchez-Durán MÁ et al: Perinatal outcomes and central nervous system abnormalities following intrauterine fetal transfusion: 17years' experience in a tertiary center. Transfusion. 60(11):2557-64, 2020
- Jørgensen DS et al: Magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to optimize the prediction of fetal anemia? Fetal Diagn Ther. 46(4):257-65, 2019
- Martinez-Portilla RJ et al: Performance of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity for prediction of anemia in untransfused and transfused fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):722-31, 2019
- Prefumo F et al: Fetal anemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 58:2-14, 2019
- ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 192 summary: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(3):611-2, 2018
- Salvi S et al: Reliability of Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery in the near and far fields in healthy and anemic fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 34(11):2037-42, 2015
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: [email protected] et al: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #8: the fetus at risk for anemia--diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 212(6):697-710, 2015
- Hermann M et al: Cerebral Doppler velocimetry to predict fetal anemia after more than three intravenous fetal exchange transfusions. Transfusion. 54(11):2968-73, 2014
- Slaghekke F et al: Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence: diagnostic criteria, classification, perinatal management and outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(4):181-90, 2010
- Yang Y et al: Homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1 presenting in a fetus without anemia. Acta Haematol. 123(4):207-9, 2010
