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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Fetal growth restriction (FGR)
Synonyms
- Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Definitions
- Estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile for gestational age (GA)
- Asymmetric FGR: Small abdominal circumference (AC) compared with head circumference (HC)
- Symmetric FGR: Uniformly small
- Small for gestational age (SGA) is not always FGR
- SGA: Fetus is small but healthy, not growth restricted
- FGR: Fetus is pathologically small, growth restricted
- Not reaching full growth potential
- Estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile for gestational age (GA)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Kovo M et al: Pregnancy outcome and placental findings in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction with and without preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 22(3):316-21, 2015
- Maggio L et al: Perinatal outcomes with normal compared with elevated umbilical artery systolic-to-diastolic ratios in fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 125(4):863-9, 2015
- Sovio U et al: Screening for fetal growth restriction with universal third trimester ultrasonography in nulliparous women in the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 386(10008):2089-97, 2015
- Zhang J et al: Defining normal and abnormal fetal growth: promises and challenges. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 202(6):522-8, 2010
- Miller J et al: Fetal growth restriction. Semin Perinatol. 32(4):274-80, 2008
- Mäkikallio K et al: Human fetal cardiovascular profile score and neonatal outcome in intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 31(1):48-54, 2008
- Zuk L et al: Neonatal general movements: an early predictor for neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with intrauterine growth retardation. J Child Neurol. 19(1):14-8, 2004
- Rasmussen S et al: Fetal growth and body proportion in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 101(3):575-83, 2003
- Galan HL et al: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): biometric and Doppler assessment. Prenat Diagn. 22(4):331-7, 2002
- Hofstaetter C et al: Venous Doppler velocimetry in the surveillance of severely compromised fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 20(3):233-9, 2002
- Severi FM et al: Uterine and fetal cerebral Doppler predict the outcome of third-trimester small-for-gestational age fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 19(3):225-8, 2002
- Vergani P et al: Prognostic value of uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in growth-restricted fetuses delivered near term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187(4):932-6, 2002
- May R et al: Early postnatal growth of low birthweight infants in the WIC program. Am J Hum Biol. 13(2):261-7, 2001
- Dashe JS et al: Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 96(3):321-7, 2000
- Markestad T et al: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants born at term: growth and development during the first year of life. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 165:93-101, 1997
- Sherwood RJ et al: Pattern and process of growth of the abnormal human fetus. Hum Biol. 69(6):849-71, 1997
- Vik T et al: Body proportions and early neonatal morbidity in small-for-gestational-age infants of successive births. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 165:76-81, 1997
- Vik T et al: Prenatal growth in symmetric and asymmetric small-for-gestational-age infants. Early Hum Dev. 48(1-2):167-76, 1997
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Fetal growth restriction (FGR)
Synonyms
- Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Definitions
- Estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile for gestational age (GA)
- Asymmetric FGR: Small abdominal circumference (AC) compared with head circumference (HC)
- Symmetric FGR: Uniformly small
- Small for gestational age (SGA) is not always FGR
- SGA: Fetus is small but healthy, not growth restricted
- FGR: Fetus is pathologically small, growth restricted
- Not reaching full growth potential
- Estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile for gestational age (GA)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Kovo M et al: Pregnancy outcome and placental findings in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction with and without preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 22(3):316-21, 2015
- Maggio L et al: Perinatal outcomes with normal compared with elevated umbilical artery systolic-to-diastolic ratios in fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 125(4):863-9, 2015
- Sovio U et al: Screening for fetal growth restriction with universal third trimester ultrasonography in nulliparous women in the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 386(10008):2089-97, 2015
- Zhang J et al: Defining normal and abnormal fetal growth: promises and challenges. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 202(6):522-8, 2010
- Miller J et al: Fetal growth restriction. Semin Perinatol. 32(4):274-80, 2008
- Mäkikallio K et al: Human fetal cardiovascular profile score and neonatal outcome in intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 31(1):48-54, 2008
- Zuk L et al: Neonatal general movements: an early predictor for neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with intrauterine growth retardation. J Child Neurol. 19(1):14-8, 2004
- Rasmussen S et al: Fetal growth and body proportion in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 101(3):575-83, 2003
- Galan HL et al: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): biometric and Doppler assessment. Prenat Diagn. 22(4):331-7, 2002
- Hofstaetter C et al: Venous Doppler velocimetry in the surveillance of severely compromised fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 20(3):233-9, 2002
- Severi FM et al: Uterine and fetal cerebral Doppler predict the outcome of third-trimester small-for-gestational age fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 19(3):225-8, 2002
- Vergani P et al: Prognostic value of uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in growth-restricted fetuses delivered near term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187(4):932-6, 2002
- May R et al: Early postnatal growth of low birthweight infants in the WIC program. Am J Hum Biol. 13(2):261-7, 2001
- Dashe JS et al: Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 96(3):321-7, 2000
- Markestad T et al: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants born at term: growth and development during the first year of life. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 165:93-101, 1997
- Sherwood RJ et al: Pattern and process of growth of the abnormal human fetus. Hum Biol. 69(6):849-71, 1997
- Vik T et al: Body proportions and early neonatal morbidity in small-for-gestational-age infants of successive births. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 165:76-81, 1997
- Vik T et al: Prenatal growth in symmetric and asymmetric small-for-gestational-age infants. Early Hum Dev. 48(1-2):167-76, 1997
