Type 1: Isolated alterations in cortical organization & lamination
Type 2: Isolated alterations in cortical organization & lamination with dysmorphic neurons
Type 3: FCD in association with other lesions
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Tahta A et al: Focal cortical dysplasia: etiology, epileptogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, imaging, and management. Childs Nerv Syst. 36(12):2939-47, 2020
Jayalakshmi S et al: Focal cortical dysplasia and refractory epilepsy: role of multimodality imaging and outcome of surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(5):892-8, 2019
Chen X et al: Quantitative volume-based morphometry in focal cortical dysplasia: a pilot study for lesion localization at the individual level. Eur J Radiol. 105:240-5, 2018
Jin B et al: Automated detection of focal cortical dysplasia type II with surface-based magnetic resonance imaging postprocessing and machine learning. Epilepsia. 59(5):982-92, 2018
Najm IM et al: Review: The international consensus classification of focal cortical dysplasia - a critical update 2018. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 44(1):18-31, 2018
Wong-Kisiel LC et al: Challenges in managing epilepsy associated with focal cortical dysplasia in children. Epilepsy Res. 145:1-17, 2018
Isler C et al: Comparison of clinical features and surgical outcome in focal cortical dysplasia type 1 and type 2. Epilepsy Res. 136:130-6, 2017
Lim JS et al: Somatic mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 cause focal cortical dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet. 100(3):454-72, 2017
Maynard LM et al: Epilepsy prevalence and severity predictors in MRI-identified focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Res. 132:41-9, 2017
Leach JL et al: Imaging spectrum of cortical dysplasia in children. Semin Roentgenol. 49(1):99-111, 2014
Leach JL et al: Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in the resection region correlate with histopathological type, gliosis extent, and postoperative outcome in pediatric cortical dysplasia. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(1):68-80, 2014
Mellerio C et al: 3T MRI improves the detection of transmantle sign in type 2 focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia. 55(1):117-22, 2014
Mellerio C et al: The power button sign: a newly described central sulcal pattern on surface rendering MR images of type 2 focal cortical dysplasia. Radiology. 140773, 2014
Kadom N et al: Utility of magnetization transfer T1 imaging in children with seizures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(4):895-8, 2013
Colombo N et al: Focal cortical dysplasia type IIa and IIb: MRI aspects in 118 cases proven by histopathology. Neuroradiology. 54(10):1065-77, 2012
Mellerio C et al: Optimizing MR imaging detection of type 2 focal cortical dysplasia: best criteria for clinical practice. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(10):1932-8, 2012
Bernasconi A et al: Advances in MRI for 'cryptogenic' epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol. 7(2):99-108, 2011
Blumcke I et al: The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia. 52(1):158-74, 2011
Kim YH et al: Neuroimaging in identifying focal cortical dysplasia and prognostic factors in pediatric and adolescent epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 52(4):722-7, 2011
Raybaud C et al: Imaging surgical epilepsy in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(8):786-809, 2006
Type 1: Isolated alterations in cortical organization & lamination
Type 2: Isolated alterations in cortical organization & lamination with dysmorphic neurons
Type 3: FCD in association with other lesions
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Tahta A et al: Focal cortical dysplasia: etiology, epileptogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, imaging, and management. Childs Nerv Syst. 36(12):2939-47, 2020
Jayalakshmi S et al: Focal cortical dysplasia and refractory epilepsy: role of multimodality imaging and outcome of surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(5):892-8, 2019
Chen X et al: Quantitative volume-based morphometry in focal cortical dysplasia: a pilot study for lesion localization at the individual level. Eur J Radiol. 105:240-5, 2018
Jin B et al: Automated detection of focal cortical dysplasia type II with surface-based magnetic resonance imaging postprocessing and machine learning. Epilepsia. 59(5):982-92, 2018
Najm IM et al: Review: The international consensus classification of focal cortical dysplasia - a critical update 2018. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 44(1):18-31, 2018
Wong-Kisiel LC et al: Challenges in managing epilepsy associated with focal cortical dysplasia in children. Epilepsy Res. 145:1-17, 2018
Isler C et al: Comparison of clinical features and surgical outcome in focal cortical dysplasia type 1 and type 2. Epilepsy Res. 136:130-6, 2017
Lim JS et al: Somatic mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 cause focal cortical dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet. 100(3):454-72, 2017
Maynard LM et al: Epilepsy prevalence and severity predictors in MRI-identified focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Res. 132:41-9, 2017
Leach JL et al: Imaging spectrum of cortical dysplasia in children. Semin Roentgenol. 49(1):99-111, 2014
Leach JL et al: Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in the resection region correlate with histopathological type, gliosis extent, and postoperative outcome in pediatric cortical dysplasia. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(1):68-80, 2014
Mellerio C et al: 3T MRI improves the detection of transmantle sign in type 2 focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia. 55(1):117-22, 2014
Mellerio C et al: The power button sign: a newly described central sulcal pattern on surface rendering MR images of type 2 focal cortical dysplasia. Radiology. 140773, 2014
Kadom N et al: Utility of magnetization transfer T1 imaging in children with seizures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(4):895-8, 2013
Colombo N et al: Focal cortical dysplasia type IIa and IIb: MRI aspects in 118 cases proven by histopathology. Neuroradiology. 54(10):1065-77, 2012
Mellerio C et al: Optimizing MR imaging detection of type 2 focal cortical dysplasia: best criteria for clinical practice. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(10):1932-8, 2012
Bernasconi A et al: Advances in MRI for 'cryptogenic' epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol. 7(2):99-108, 2011
Blumcke I et al: The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia. 52(1):158-74, 2011
Kim YH et al: Neuroimaging in identifying focal cortical dysplasia and prognostic factors in pediatric and adolescent epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 52(4):722-7, 2011
Raybaud C et al: Imaging surgical epilepsy in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(8):786-809, 2006
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