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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Frontoethmoidal cephalocele (FECeph)
- Frontonasal cephalocele (FNCeph)
- Nasoethmoidal cephalocele (NECeph)
- Nasoorbital cephalocele (NOCeph)
- Frontoethmoidal cephalocele (FECeph)
Synonyms
- Sincipital cephalocele
Definitions
- Cephalocele: Outward herniation of CNS contents through defect in cranium
- Term includes meningocele and meningoencephalocele
- Congenital herniation of meninges and CSF (meningocele) + brain tissue (meningoencephalocele)
- Through mesodermal defect in anterior skull/skull base presenting as extranasal, intranasal, or medial orbital mass
- Do not confuse for basal encephaloceles, which occur through cribriform plate or sphenoid defects
- Cephalocele: Outward herniation of CNS contents through defect in cranium
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Arifin M et al: Frontoethmoidal encephalocele: clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications in 400 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(6):1161-8, 2018
- Keshri AK et al: Transnasal endoscopic repair of pediatric meningoencephalocele. J Pediatr Neurosci. 11(1):42-5, 2016
- Castelnuovo P et al: Endoscopic endonasal management of encephaloceles in children: an eight-year experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 73(8):1132-6, 2009
- Kumar A et al: Correction of frontonasoethmoidal encephalocele: the HULA procedure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 123(2):661-9, 2009
- Arshad AR et al: Frontoethmoidal encephalocele: treatment and outcome. J Craniofac Surg. 19(1):175-83, 2008
- Holm C et al: Extracranial correction of frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles: feasibility and outcome in 52 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 121(6):386e-95e, 2008
- Lo BW et al: Clinical predictors of developmental outcome in patients with cephaloceles. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2(4):254-7, 2008
- Hedlund G: Congenital frontonasal masses: developmental anatomy, malformations, and MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 36(7):647-62; quiz 726-7, 2006
- Rahbar R et al: Nasal glioma and encephalocele: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 113(12):2069-77, 2003
- Rojvachiranonda N et al: Frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele: new morphological findings and a new classification. J Craniofac Surg. 14(6):847-58, 2003
- Mahapatra AK et al: Anterior encephaloceles: a study of 92 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg. 36(3):113-8, 2002
- Holmes AD et al: Frontoethmoidal encephaloceles: reconstruction and refinements. J Craniofac Surg. 12(1):6-18, 2001
- De Ponte FS et al: Surgical treatment of frontoethmoidal encephalocele: a case report. J Craniofac Surg. 11(4):342-5, 2000
- Songur E et al: Management of frontoethmoidal (sincipital) encephalocele. J Craniofac Surg. 10(2):135-9, 1999
- Boonvisut S et al: Morphologic study of 120 skull base defects in frontoethmoidal encephalomeningoceles. Plast Reconstr Surg. 101(7):1784-95, 1998
- Turgut M et al: Congenital nasal encephalocele: a review of 35 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 23(1):1-5, 1995
- Koch BL et al: Congenital malformations causing skull base changes. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 4(3):479-98, 1994
- Naidich TP et al: Cephaloceles and related malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 13(2):655-90, 1992
- Barkovich AJ et al: Congenital nasal masses: CT and MR imaging features in 16 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12(1):105-16, 1991
- David DJ et al: Cephaloceles: classification, pathology, and management. World J Surg. 13(4):349-57, 1989
- Vattoth S, Chapman PR. Anterior skull base. In: Watanabe K, et al., eds. Anatomy for Plastic Surgery of the Face, Head, and Neck.1st ed. New York: Thieme Publishers; 2016:13-9
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Frontoethmoidal cephalocele (FECeph)
- Frontonasal cephalocele (FNCeph)
- Nasoethmoidal cephalocele (NECeph)
- Nasoorbital cephalocele (NOCeph)
- Frontoethmoidal cephalocele (FECeph)
Synonyms
- Sincipital cephalocele
Definitions
- Cephalocele: Outward herniation of CNS contents through defect in cranium
- Term includes meningocele and meningoencephalocele
- Congenital herniation of meninges and CSF (meningocele) + brain tissue (meningoencephalocele)
- Through mesodermal defect in anterior skull/skull base presenting as extranasal, intranasal, or medial orbital mass
- Do not confuse for basal encephaloceles, which occur through cribriform plate or sphenoid defects
- Cephalocele: Outward herniation of CNS contents through defect in cranium
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Arifin M et al: Frontoethmoidal encephalocele: clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications in 400 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(6):1161-8, 2018
- Keshri AK et al: Transnasal endoscopic repair of pediatric meningoencephalocele. J Pediatr Neurosci. 11(1):42-5, 2016
- Castelnuovo P et al: Endoscopic endonasal management of encephaloceles in children: an eight-year experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 73(8):1132-6, 2009
- Kumar A et al: Correction of frontonasoethmoidal encephalocele: the HULA procedure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 123(2):661-9, 2009
- Arshad AR et al: Frontoethmoidal encephalocele: treatment and outcome. J Craniofac Surg. 19(1):175-83, 2008
- Holm C et al: Extracranial correction of frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles: feasibility and outcome in 52 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 121(6):386e-95e, 2008
- Lo BW et al: Clinical predictors of developmental outcome in patients with cephaloceles. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2(4):254-7, 2008
- Hedlund G: Congenital frontonasal masses: developmental anatomy, malformations, and MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 36(7):647-62; quiz 726-7, 2006
- Rahbar R et al: Nasal glioma and encephalocele: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 113(12):2069-77, 2003
- Rojvachiranonda N et al: Frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele: new morphological findings and a new classification. J Craniofac Surg. 14(6):847-58, 2003
- Mahapatra AK et al: Anterior encephaloceles: a study of 92 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg. 36(3):113-8, 2002
- Holmes AD et al: Frontoethmoidal encephaloceles: reconstruction and refinements. J Craniofac Surg. 12(1):6-18, 2001
- De Ponte FS et al: Surgical treatment of frontoethmoidal encephalocele: a case report. J Craniofac Surg. 11(4):342-5, 2000
- Songur E et al: Management of frontoethmoidal (sincipital) encephalocele. J Craniofac Surg. 10(2):135-9, 1999
- Boonvisut S et al: Morphologic study of 120 skull base defects in frontoethmoidal encephalomeningoceles. Plast Reconstr Surg. 101(7):1784-95, 1998
- Turgut M et al: Congenital nasal encephalocele: a review of 35 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 23(1):1-5, 1995
- Koch BL et al: Congenital malformations causing skull base changes. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 4(3):479-98, 1994
- Naidich TP et al: Cephaloceles and related malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 13(2):655-90, 1992
- Barkovich AJ et al: Congenital nasal masses: CT and MR imaging features in 16 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12(1):105-16, 1991
- David DJ et al: Cephaloceles: classification, pathology, and management. World J Surg. 13(4):349-57, 1989
- Vattoth S, Chapman PR. Anterior skull base. In: Watanabe K, et al., eds. Anatomy for Plastic Surgery of the Face, Head, and Neck.1st ed. New York: Thieme Publishers; 2016:13-9
