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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Gallstones: Biliary stone, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis
- Sludge: Biliary sludge, microlithiasis, biliary sand, pseudolithiasis, microcrystalline disease
Definitions
- Gallstones: Concretions within biliary system [gallbladder (GB) and biliary ducts]
- Cholesterol stone (75-80%): Cholesterol is main constituent
- Pigment stone (20-25%): Calcium-bilirubinate is main constituent
- Black stone: Usually pigment stone in sterile GB; small and tar-like stones frequently associated with cirrhosis and hemolytic states
- Brown stone: Usually pigment stone in infected bile duct, associated with cholestasis and biliary infections (e.g., recurrent pyogenic cholangitis)
- Choledocholithiasis: Stones in common bile duct (CBD)
- Sludge: Suspension of particulate material/bile in GB
- Gallstones: Concretions within biliary system [gallbladder (GB) and biliary ducts]
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Aldo C et al: Rolling in the deep: imaging findings and diagnostic pearls in gallstone ileus. Surg Res Pract. 2020:1421753, 2020
- Gandhi D et al: A pictorial review of gall stones and its associated complications. Clin Imaging. 60(2):228-36, 2020
- Gungor F et al: Clinical outcome of gallstone ileus; a single-centre experience of case series and review of the literature. Acta Chir Belg. 1-8, 2020
- Yu H et al: Imaging of acute hepatobiliary dysfunction. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(1):45-58, 2020
- Luu MB et al: Unusual complications of gallstones. Surg Clin North Am. 94(2):377-94, 2014
- Raman SP et al: Abnormalities of the distal common bile duct and ampulla: diagnostic approach and differential diagnosis using multiplanar reformations and 3D imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):17-28, 2014
- Yarmish GM et al: ACR appropriateness criteria right upper quadrant pain. J Am Coll Radiol. 11(3):316-22, 2014
- Lubarsky M et al: MR imaging for acute nontraumatic abdominopelvic pain: rationale and practical considerations. Radiographics. 33(2):313-37, 2013
- Bergman S et al: Gallstone disease in the elderly: are older patients managed differently? Surg Endosc. 25(1):55-61, 2011
- Bär F et al: Gallstone ileus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(10):A22, 2011
- Gurusamy K et al: Systematic review and meta-analysis of intraoperative versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with gallbladder and suspected common bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 98(7):908-16, 2011
- Yeh BM et al: MR imaging and CT of the biliary tract. Radiographics. 29(6):1669-88, 2009
- Catalano OA et al: MR imaging of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. Radiographics. 28(1):135-55; quiz 324, 2008
- Chan WC et al: Gallstone detection at CT in vitro: effect of peak voltage setting. Radiology. 241(2):546-53, 2006
- Bortoff GA et al: Gallbladder stones: imaging and intervention. Radiographics. 20(3):751-66, 2000
- Ko CW et al: Biliary sludge. Ann Intern Med. 130(4 Pt 1):301-11, 1999
- Barakos JA et al: Cholelithiasis: evaluation with CT. Radiology. 162(2):415-8, 1987
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Gallstones: Biliary stone, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis
- Sludge: Biliary sludge, microlithiasis, biliary sand, pseudolithiasis, microcrystalline disease
Definitions
- Gallstones: Concretions within biliary system [gallbladder (GB) and biliary ducts]
- Cholesterol stone (75-80%): Cholesterol is main constituent
- Pigment stone (20-25%): Calcium-bilirubinate is main constituent
- Black stone: Usually pigment stone in sterile GB; small and tar-like stones frequently associated with cirrhosis and hemolytic states
- Brown stone: Usually pigment stone in infected bile duct, associated with cholestasis and biliary infections (e.g., recurrent pyogenic cholangitis)
- Choledocholithiasis: Stones in common bile duct (CBD)
- Sludge: Suspension of particulate material/bile in GB
- Gallstones: Concretions within biliary system [gallbladder (GB) and biliary ducts]
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Aldo C et al: Rolling in the deep: imaging findings and diagnostic pearls in gallstone ileus. Surg Res Pract. 2020:1421753, 2020
- Gandhi D et al: A pictorial review of gall stones and its associated complications. Clin Imaging. 60(2):228-36, 2020
- Gungor F et al: Clinical outcome of gallstone ileus; a single-centre experience of case series and review of the literature. Acta Chir Belg. 1-8, 2020
- Yu H et al: Imaging of acute hepatobiliary dysfunction. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(1):45-58, 2020
- Luu MB et al: Unusual complications of gallstones. Surg Clin North Am. 94(2):377-94, 2014
- Raman SP et al: Abnormalities of the distal common bile duct and ampulla: diagnostic approach and differential diagnosis using multiplanar reformations and 3D imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):17-28, 2014
- Yarmish GM et al: ACR appropriateness criteria right upper quadrant pain. J Am Coll Radiol. 11(3):316-22, 2014
- Lubarsky M et al: MR imaging for acute nontraumatic abdominopelvic pain: rationale and practical considerations. Radiographics. 33(2):313-37, 2013
- Bergman S et al: Gallstone disease in the elderly: are older patients managed differently? Surg Endosc. 25(1):55-61, 2011
- Bär F et al: Gallstone ileus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(10):A22, 2011
- Gurusamy K et al: Systematic review and meta-analysis of intraoperative versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with gallbladder and suspected common bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 98(7):908-16, 2011
- Yeh BM et al: MR imaging and CT of the biliary tract. Radiographics. 29(6):1669-88, 2009
- Catalano OA et al: MR imaging of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. Radiographics. 28(1):135-55; quiz 324, 2008
- Chan WC et al: Gallstone detection at CT in vitro: effect of peak voltage setting. Radiology. 241(2):546-53, 2006
- Bortoff GA et al: Gallbladder stones: imaging and intervention. Radiographics. 20(3):751-66, 2000
- Ko CW et al: Biliary sludge. Ann Intern Med. 130(4 Pt 1):301-11, 1999
- Barakos JA et al: Cholelithiasis: evaluation with CT. Radiology. 162(2):415-8, 1987
