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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), GER disease (GERD)
Definitions
- GER: Retrograde flow of gastric contents into esophagus
- Physiologic phenomenon, especially in young infants
- GERD: GER causes clinical symptoms or tissue damage
- GER: Retrograde flow of gastric contents into esophagus
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® vomiting in infants. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(11S):S505-15, 2020
- Seif Amir Hosseini A et al: Real-time MRI for dynamic assessment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: comparison to pH-metry and impedance. Eur J Radiol. 125:108856, 2020
- Koivusalo AI et al: Outcome of surgery for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux: clinical and endoscopic follow-up after 300 fundoplications in 279 consecutive patients. Scand J Surg. 107(1):68-75, 2018
- Uslu Kızılkan N et al: Comparison of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and reflux scintigraphy in pediatric patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux. World J Gastroenterol. 22(43):9595-603, 2016
- Liu YW et al: The correlation between endoscopic reflux esophagitis and combined multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 57(5):385-9, 2015
- Vandenplas Y et al: An updated review on gastro-esophageal reflux in pediatrics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(12):1511-21, 2015
- Ferreira CT et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(2):105-18, 2014
- Codreanu I et al: Effects of the frame acquisition rate on the sensitivity of gastro-oesophageal reflux scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 86(1026):20130084, 2013
- Knatten CK et al: Gastric emptying in children with gastroesophageal reflux and in healthy children. J Pediatr Surg. 48(9):1856-61, 2013
- Lightdale JR et al: Gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 131(5):e1684-95, 2013
- Fike FB et al: Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants. Pediatr Surg Int. 27(8):791-7, 2011
- Machado RS et al: Gastric emptying evaluation in children with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pediatr Surg Int. 26(5):473-8, 2010
- Valusek PA et al: Does an upper gastrointestinal study change operative management for gastroesophageal reflux? J Pediatr Surg. 45(6):1169-72, 2010
- Tannuri AC et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: efficacy of Nissen fundoplication in treating digestive and respiratory symptoms. Experience of a single center. Dis Esophagus. 21(8):746-50, 2008
- Baker ME et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: integrating the barium esophagram before and after antireflux surgery. Radiology. 243(2):329-39, 2007
- Boyle JT: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2006. The imperfect diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 36 Suppl 2:192-5, 2006
- Canon CL et al: Surgical approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics. 25(6):1485-99, 2005
- Demirbilek S et al: Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of malrotation. Pediatr Surg Int. 21(6):423-7, 2005
- Gold BD: Review article: epidemiology and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 19 Suppl 1:22-7, 2004
- Tolia V et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: review of presenting symptoms, evaluation, management, and outcome in infants. Dig Dis Sci. 48(9):1723-9, 2003
- El-Serag HB et al: Endoscopic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients between 18 months and 25 years without neurological deficits. Am J Gastroenterol. 97(7):1635-9, 2002
- Gremse DA: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: an overview of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 35 Suppl 4:S297-9, 2002
- Jang HS et al: Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound. 29(4):212-7, 2001
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), GER disease (GERD)
Definitions
- GER: Retrograde flow of gastric contents into esophagus
- Physiologic phenomenon, especially in young infants
- GERD: GER causes clinical symptoms or tissue damage
- GER: Retrograde flow of gastric contents into esophagus
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® vomiting in infants. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(11S):S505-15, 2020
- Seif Amir Hosseini A et al: Real-time MRI for dynamic assessment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: comparison to pH-metry and impedance. Eur J Radiol. 125:108856, 2020
- Koivusalo AI et al: Outcome of surgery for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux: clinical and endoscopic follow-up after 300 fundoplications in 279 consecutive patients. Scand J Surg. 107(1):68-75, 2018
- Uslu Kızılkan N et al: Comparison of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and reflux scintigraphy in pediatric patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux. World J Gastroenterol. 22(43):9595-603, 2016
- Liu YW et al: The correlation between endoscopic reflux esophagitis and combined multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 57(5):385-9, 2015
- Vandenplas Y et al: An updated review on gastro-esophageal reflux in pediatrics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(12):1511-21, 2015
- Ferreira CT et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(2):105-18, 2014
- Codreanu I et al: Effects of the frame acquisition rate on the sensitivity of gastro-oesophageal reflux scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 86(1026):20130084, 2013
- Knatten CK et al: Gastric emptying in children with gastroesophageal reflux and in healthy children. J Pediatr Surg. 48(9):1856-61, 2013
- Lightdale JR et al: Gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 131(5):e1684-95, 2013
- Fike FB et al: Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants. Pediatr Surg Int. 27(8):791-7, 2011
- Machado RS et al: Gastric emptying evaluation in children with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pediatr Surg Int. 26(5):473-8, 2010
- Valusek PA et al: Does an upper gastrointestinal study change operative management for gastroesophageal reflux? J Pediatr Surg. 45(6):1169-72, 2010
- Tannuri AC et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: efficacy of Nissen fundoplication in treating digestive and respiratory symptoms. Experience of a single center. Dis Esophagus. 21(8):746-50, 2008
- Baker ME et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: integrating the barium esophagram before and after antireflux surgery. Radiology. 243(2):329-39, 2007
- Boyle JT: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2006. The imperfect diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 36 Suppl 2:192-5, 2006
- Canon CL et al: Surgical approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics. 25(6):1485-99, 2005
- Demirbilek S et al: Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of malrotation. Pediatr Surg Int. 21(6):423-7, 2005
- Gold BD: Review article: epidemiology and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 19 Suppl 1:22-7, 2004
- Tolia V et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: review of presenting symptoms, evaluation, management, and outcome in infants. Dig Dis Sci. 48(9):1723-9, 2003
- El-Serag HB et al: Endoscopic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients between 18 months and 25 years without neurological deficits. Am J Gastroenterol. 97(7):1635-9, 2002
- Gremse DA: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: an overview of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 35 Suppl 4:S297-9, 2002
- Jang HS et al: Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound. 29(4):212-7, 2001
