GER: Retrograde flow of gastric contents into esophagus
Physiologic phenomenon, especially in young infants
GERD: GER causes clinical symptoms or tissue damage
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® vomiting in infants. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(11S):S505-15, 2020
Seif Amir Hosseini A et al: Real-time MRI for dynamic assessment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: comparison to pH-metry and impedance. Eur J Radiol. 125:108856, 2020
Koivusalo AI et al: Outcome of surgery for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux: clinical and endoscopic follow-up after 300 fundoplications in 279 consecutive patients. Scand J Surg. 107(1):68-75, 2018
Uslu Kızılkan N et al: Comparison of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and reflux scintigraphy in pediatric patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux. World J Gastroenterol. 22(43):9595-603, 2016
Liu YW et al: The correlation between endoscopic reflux esophagitis and combined multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 57(5):385-9, 2015
Vandenplas Y et al: An updated review on gastro-esophageal reflux in pediatrics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(12):1511-21, 2015
Ferreira CT et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(2):105-18, 2014
Codreanu I et al: Effects of the frame acquisition rate on the sensitivity of gastro-oesophageal reflux scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 86(1026):20130084, 2013
Knatten CK et al: Gastric emptying in children with gastroesophageal reflux and in healthy children. J Pediatr Surg. 48(9):1856-61, 2013
Lightdale JR et al: Gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 131(5):e1684-95, 2013
Fike FB et al: Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants. Pediatr Surg Int. 27(8):791-7, 2011
Machado RS et al: Gastric emptying evaluation in children with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pediatr Surg Int. 26(5):473-8, 2010
Valusek PA et al: Does an upper gastrointestinal study change operative management for gastroesophageal reflux? J Pediatr Surg. 45(6):1169-72, 2010
Tannuri AC et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: efficacy of Nissen fundoplication in treating digestive and respiratory symptoms. Experience of a single center. Dis Esophagus. 21(8):746-50, 2008
Baker ME et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: integrating the barium esophagram before and after antireflux surgery. Radiology. 243(2):329-39, 2007
Boyle JT: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2006. The imperfect diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 36 Suppl 2:192-5, 2006
Canon CL et al: Surgical approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics. 25(6):1485-99, 2005
Demirbilek S et al: Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of malrotation. Pediatr Surg Int. 21(6):423-7, 2005
Gold BD: Review article: epidemiology and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 19 Suppl 1:22-7, 2004
Tolia V et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: review of presenting symptoms, evaluation, management, and outcome in infants. Dig Dis Sci. 48(9):1723-9, 2003
El-Serag HB et al: Endoscopic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients between 18 months and 25 years without neurological deficits. Am J Gastroenterol. 97(7):1635-9, 2002
Gremse DA: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: an overview of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 35 Suppl 4:S297-9, 2002
Jang HS et al: Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound. 29(4):212-7, 2001
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), GER disease (GERD)
Definitions
GER: Retrograde flow of gastric contents into esophagus
Physiologic phenomenon, especially in young infants
GERD: GER causes clinical symptoms or tissue damage
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® vomiting in infants. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(11S):S505-15, 2020
Seif Amir Hosseini A et al: Real-time MRI for dynamic assessment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: comparison to pH-metry and impedance. Eur J Radiol. 125:108856, 2020
Koivusalo AI et al: Outcome of surgery for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux: clinical and endoscopic follow-up after 300 fundoplications in 279 consecutive patients. Scand J Surg. 107(1):68-75, 2018
Uslu Kızılkan N et al: Comparison of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and reflux scintigraphy in pediatric patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux. World J Gastroenterol. 22(43):9595-603, 2016
Liu YW et al: The correlation between endoscopic reflux esophagitis and combined multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring in children. Pediatr Neonatol. 57(5):385-9, 2015
Vandenplas Y et al: An updated review on gastro-esophageal reflux in pediatrics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(12):1511-21, 2015
Ferreira CT et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: exaggerations, evidence and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(2):105-18, 2014
Codreanu I et al: Effects of the frame acquisition rate on the sensitivity of gastro-oesophageal reflux scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 86(1026):20130084, 2013
Knatten CK et al: Gastric emptying in children with gastroesophageal reflux and in healthy children. J Pediatr Surg. 48(9):1856-61, 2013
Lightdale JR et al: Gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 131(5):e1684-95, 2013
Fike FB et al: Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants. Pediatr Surg Int. 27(8):791-7, 2011
Machado RS et al: Gastric emptying evaluation in children with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pediatr Surg Int. 26(5):473-8, 2010
Valusek PA et al: Does an upper gastrointestinal study change operative management for gastroesophageal reflux? J Pediatr Surg. 45(6):1169-72, 2010
Tannuri AC et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: efficacy of Nissen fundoplication in treating digestive and respiratory symptoms. Experience of a single center. Dis Esophagus. 21(8):746-50, 2008
Baker ME et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: integrating the barium esophagram before and after antireflux surgery. Radiology. 243(2):329-39, 2007
Boyle JT: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2006. The imperfect diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 36 Suppl 2:192-5, 2006
Canon CL et al: Surgical approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics. 25(6):1485-99, 2005
Demirbilek S et al: Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of malrotation. Pediatr Surg Int. 21(6):423-7, 2005
Gold BD: Review article: epidemiology and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 19 Suppl 1:22-7, 2004
Tolia V et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease: review of presenting symptoms, evaluation, management, and outcome in infants. Dig Dis Sci. 48(9):1723-9, 2003
El-Serag HB et al: Endoscopic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients between 18 months and 25 years without neurological deficits. Am J Gastroenterol. 97(7):1635-9, 2002
Gremse DA: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: an overview of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 35 Suppl 4:S297-9, 2002
Jang HS et al: Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound. 29(4):212-7, 2001
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.