Hemorrhage that occurs in very specific, richly vascular, stress-sensitive areas of premature brain
Germinal matrix has developed more sturdy blood vessels by 34 weeks of gestation
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Guillot M et al: Routine imaging of the preterm neonatal brain. Paediatr Child Health. 25(4):249-62, 2020
Parodi A et al: Cranial ultrasound findings in preterm germinal matrix haemorrhage, sequelae and outcome. Pediatr Res. 87(Suppl 1):13-24, 2020
Klebe D et al: Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus development after germinal matrix hemorrhage: established mechanisms and proposed pathways. J Neurosci Res. 98(1):105-20, 2019
Coskun Y et al: A clinical scoring system to predict the development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(1):129-36, 2018
Poryo M et al: Ante-, peri- and postnatal factors associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in very premature infants. Early Hum Dev. 116:1-8, 2018
Hinojosa-RodrÃguez M et al: Clinical neuroimaging in the preterm infant: diagnosis and prognosis. Neuroimage Clin. 16:355-68, 2017
Reubsaet P et al: The impact of low-grade germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage on neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm infants. Neonatology. 112(3):203-10, 2017
Lu H et al: Risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants born at 34 weeks of gestation or less following preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 25(4):807-12, 2016
Fumagalli M et al: From germinal matrix to cerebellar haemorrhage. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. Suppl 1:2280-5, 2015
Hefti MM et al: A century of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage in autopsied premature infants: a historical account. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 19(2):108-14, 2015
Raets MM et al: Neonatal disorders of germinal matrix. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 28 Suppl 1:2286-90, 2015
Ramenghi LA: Germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage: still a very important brain lesion in premature infants! J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 28 Suppl 1:2259-60, 2015
Ballabh P: Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage. Clin Perinatol. 41(1):47-67, 2014
Brouwer AJ et al: Early and late complications of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant: what is new? Neonatology. 106(4):296-303, 2014
Ingram MC et al: Poor correlation between head circumference and cranial ultrasound findings in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(2):184-9, 2014
Intrapiromkul J et al: Accuracy of head ultrasound for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm neonates: comparison with brain MRI and susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Neuroradiol. 40(2):81-8, 2013
Panigrahy A et al: Neuroimaging biomarkers of preterm brain injury: toward developing the preterm connectome. Pediatr Radiol. 42 Suppl 1:S33-61, 2012
Strahle J et al: Mechanisms of hydrocephalus after neonatal and adult intraventricular hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 3(Suppl 1):25-38, 2012
Behjati S et al: Incidence of hydrocephalus and the need to ventriculoperitoneal shunting in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage: risk factors and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(6):985-9, 2011
Bassan H: Intracranial hemorrhage in the preterm infant: understanding it, preventing it. Clin Perinatol. 36(4):737-62, v, 2009
Roze E et al: Risk factors for adverse outcome in preterm infants with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. Pediatrics. 122(1):e46-52, 2008
Kadri H et al: The incidence, timing, and predisposing factors of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH) in preterm neonates. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(9):1086-90, 2006
Hemorrhage that occurs in very specific, richly vascular, stress-sensitive areas of premature brain
Germinal matrix has developed more sturdy blood vessels by 34 weeks of gestation
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Guillot M et al: Routine imaging of the preterm neonatal brain. Paediatr Child Health. 25(4):249-62, 2020
Parodi A et al: Cranial ultrasound findings in preterm germinal matrix haemorrhage, sequelae and outcome. Pediatr Res. 87(Suppl 1):13-24, 2020
Klebe D et al: Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus development after germinal matrix hemorrhage: established mechanisms and proposed pathways. J Neurosci Res. 98(1):105-20, 2019
Coskun Y et al: A clinical scoring system to predict the development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(1):129-36, 2018
Poryo M et al: Ante-, peri- and postnatal factors associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in very premature infants. Early Hum Dev. 116:1-8, 2018
Hinojosa-RodrÃguez M et al: Clinical neuroimaging in the preterm infant: diagnosis and prognosis. Neuroimage Clin. 16:355-68, 2017
Reubsaet P et al: The impact of low-grade germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage on neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm infants. Neonatology. 112(3):203-10, 2017
Lu H et al: Risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants born at 34 weeks of gestation or less following preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 25(4):807-12, 2016
Fumagalli M et al: From germinal matrix to cerebellar haemorrhage. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. Suppl 1:2280-5, 2015
Hefti MM et al: A century of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage in autopsied premature infants: a historical account. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 19(2):108-14, 2015
Raets MM et al: Neonatal disorders of germinal matrix. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 28 Suppl 1:2286-90, 2015
Ramenghi LA: Germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage: still a very important brain lesion in premature infants! J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 28 Suppl 1:2259-60, 2015
Ballabh P: Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage. Clin Perinatol. 41(1):47-67, 2014
Brouwer AJ et al: Early and late complications of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant: what is new? Neonatology. 106(4):296-303, 2014
Ingram MC et al: Poor correlation between head circumference and cranial ultrasound findings in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14(2):184-9, 2014
Intrapiromkul J et al: Accuracy of head ultrasound for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm neonates: comparison with brain MRI and susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Neuroradiol. 40(2):81-8, 2013
Panigrahy A et al: Neuroimaging biomarkers of preterm brain injury: toward developing the preterm connectome. Pediatr Radiol. 42 Suppl 1:S33-61, 2012
Strahle J et al: Mechanisms of hydrocephalus after neonatal and adult intraventricular hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 3(Suppl 1):25-38, 2012
Behjati S et al: Incidence of hydrocephalus and the need to ventriculoperitoneal shunting in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage: risk factors and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(6):985-9, 2011
Bassan H: Intracranial hemorrhage in the preterm infant: understanding it, preventing it. Clin Perinatol. 36(4):737-62, v, 2009
Roze E et al: Risk factors for adverse outcome in preterm infants with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. Pediatrics. 122(1):e46-52, 2008
Kadri H et al: The incidence, timing, and predisposing factors of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH) in preterm neonates. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(9):1086-90, 2006
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