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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Intracranial germ cell tumor (iGCT)
Synonyms
Dysgerminoma, extragonadal seminoma
Definitions
iGCTs are intracranial homologue of gonadal germinomas (ovarian dysgerminoma, testicular seminoma)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Genetics
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bhimani AD et al: Pituitary germinomas: a multi-institutional study analyzing patient demographics and management patterns. Pituitary. 23(4):381-8, 2020
Pal R et al: Intracranial germinoma masquerading as secondary granulomatous hypophysitis: a case report and review of literature. neuroendocrinology. 110(5):422-9, 2020
Takami H et al: Epidemiology, natural history, and optimal management of neurohypophyseal germ cell tumors. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
Takami H et al: Novel diagnostic methods and posttreatment clinical phenotypes among intracranial germ cell tumors. Neurosurgery. ePub, 2020
Takami H et al: Comparison on epidemiology, tumor location, histology, and prognosis of intracranial germ cell tumors between Mayo Clinic and Japanese consortium cohorts. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
Lo AC et al: Intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults: a 40-year multi-institutional review of outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 106(2):269-78, 2019
Takami H et al: Integrated clinical, histopathological, and molecular data analysis of 190 central nervous system germ cell tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol. 21(12):1565-77, 2019
Chen R et al: Fast-developing fatal diffuse leptomeningeal dissemination of a pineal germinoma in a young child: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. ePub, 2018
Duron L et al: Loco-regional extensions of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a retrospective radiological analysis of 100 patients. Neuroradiology. 60(1):27-34, 2018
Kong Z et al: Central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 33(9):610-20, 2018
Starnoni D et al: Pineal granuloma masking a germinoma: do not hesitate to repeat the biopsy. J Neurosurg Sci. 62(2):228-9, 2018
Zapka P et al: Type, frequency, and spatial distribution of immune cell infiltrates in cns germinomas: evidence for inflammatory and immunosuppressive mechanisms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 77(2):119-27, 2018
Fukushima S et al: Genome-wide methylation profiles in primary intracranial germ cell tumors indicate a primordial germ cell origin for germinomas. Acta Neuropathol. 133(3):445-62, 2017
Wu CC et al: MRI features of pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor subtypes. J Neurooncol. 134(1):221-30, 2017
Yoneoka Y et al: Perifocal inflammatory reaction with volume fluctuation caused by diagnostic radiation-induced regression in germinoma makes histological diagnosis difficult despite its disappearance following treatment: a significant pitfall and countermeasures to it. Pediatr Neurosurg. 52(2):87-92, 2017
Zhang H et al: Bifocal germinomas in the pineal region and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis: Primary or metastasis? J Clin Neurosci. 34:151-7, 2016
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Intracranial germ cell tumor (iGCT)
Synonyms
Dysgerminoma, extragonadal seminoma
Definitions
iGCTs are intracranial homologue of gonadal germinomas (ovarian dysgerminoma, testicular seminoma)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Genetics
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bhimani AD et al: Pituitary germinomas: a multi-institutional study analyzing patient demographics and management patterns. Pituitary. 23(4):381-8, 2020
Pal R et al: Intracranial germinoma masquerading as secondary granulomatous hypophysitis: a case report and review of literature. neuroendocrinology. 110(5):422-9, 2020
Takami H et al: Epidemiology, natural history, and optimal management of neurohypophyseal germ cell tumors. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
Takami H et al: Novel diagnostic methods and posttreatment clinical phenotypes among intracranial germ cell tumors. Neurosurgery. ePub, 2020
Takami H et al: Comparison on epidemiology, tumor location, histology, and prognosis of intracranial germ cell tumors between Mayo Clinic and Japanese consortium cohorts. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
Lo AC et al: Intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults: a 40-year multi-institutional review of outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 106(2):269-78, 2019
Takami H et al: Integrated clinical, histopathological, and molecular data analysis of 190 central nervous system germ cell tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol. 21(12):1565-77, 2019
Chen R et al: Fast-developing fatal diffuse leptomeningeal dissemination of a pineal germinoma in a young child: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. ePub, 2018
Duron L et al: Loco-regional extensions of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a retrospective radiological analysis of 100 patients. Neuroradiology. 60(1):27-34, 2018
Kong Z et al: Central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 33(9):610-20, 2018
Starnoni D et al: Pineal granuloma masking a germinoma: do not hesitate to repeat the biopsy. J Neurosurg Sci. 62(2):228-9, 2018
Zapka P et al: Type, frequency, and spatial distribution of immune cell infiltrates in cns germinomas: evidence for inflammatory and immunosuppressive mechanisms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 77(2):119-27, 2018
Fukushima S et al: Genome-wide methylation profiles in primary intracranial germ cell tumors indicate a primordial germ cell origin for germinomas. Acta Neuropathol. 133(3):445-62, 2017
Wu CC et al: MRI features of pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor subtypes. J Neurooncol. 134(1):221-30, 2017
Yoneoka Y et al: Perifocal inflammatory reaction with volume fluctuation caused by diagnostic radiation-induced regression in germinoma makes histological diagnosis difficult despite its disappearance following treatment: a significant pitfall and countermeasures to it. Pediatr Neurosurg. 52(2):87-92, 2017
Zhang H et al: Bifocal germinomas in the pineal region and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis: Primary or metastasis? J Clin Neurosci. 34:151-7, 2016
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