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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Intracranial germ cell tumor (iGCT)
Synonyms
- Dysgerminoma, extragonadal seminoma
Definitions
- iGCTs are intracranial homologue of gonadal germinomas (ovarian dysgerminoma, testicular seminoma)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Genetics
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Bhimani AD et al: Pituitary germinomas: a multi-institutional study analyzing patient demographics and management patterns. Pituitary. 23(4):381-8, 2020
- Pal R et al: Intracranial germinoma masquerading as secondary granulomatous hypophysitis: a case report and review of literature. neuroendocrinology. 110(5):422-9, 2020
- Takami H et al: Epidemiology, natural history, and optimal management of neurohypophyseal germ cell tumors. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
- Takami H et al: Novel diagnostic methods and posttreatment clinical phenotypes among intracranial germ cell tumors. Neurosurgery. ePub, 2020
- Takami H et al: Comparison on epidemiology, tumor location, histology, and prognosis of intracranial germ cell tumors between Mayo Clinic and Japanese consortium cohorts. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
- Lo AC et al: Intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults: a 40-year multi-institutional review of outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 106(2):269-78, 2019
- Takami H et al: Integrated clinical, histopathological, and molecular data analysis of 190 central nervous system germ cell tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol. 21(12):1565-77, 2019
- Chen R et al: Fast-developing fatal diffuse leptomeningeal dissemination of a pineal germinoma in a young child: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. ePub, 2018
- Duron L et al: Loco-regional extensions of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a retrospective radiological analysis of 100 patients. Neuroradiology. 60(1):27-34, 2018
- Kong Z et al: Central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 33(9):610-20, 2018
- Starnoni D et al: Pineal granuloma masking a germinoma: do not hesitate to repeat the biopsy. J Neurosurg Sci. 62(2):228-9, 2018
- Zapka P et al: Type, frequency, and spatial distribution of immune cell infiltrates in cns germinomas: evidence for inflammatory and immunosuppressive mechanisms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 77(2):119-27, 2018
- Fukushima S et al: Genome-wide methylation profiles in primary intracranial germ cell tumors indicate a primordial germ cell origin for germinomas. Acta Neuropathol. 133(3):445-62, 2017
- Wu CC et al: MRI features of pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor subtypes. J Neurooncol. 134(1):221-30, 2017
- Yoneoka Y et al: Perifocal inflammatory reaction with volume fluctuation caused by diagnostic radiation-induced regression in germinoma makes histological diagnosis difficult despite its disappearance following treatment: a significant pitfall and countermeasures to it. Pediatr Neurosurg. 52(2):87-92, 2017
- Zhang H et al: Bifocal germinomas in the pineal region and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis: Primary or metastasis? J Clin Neurosci. 34:151-7, 2016
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Intracranial germ cell tumor (iGCT)
Synonyms
- Dysgerminoma, extragonadal seminoma
Definitions
- iGCTs are intracranial homologue of gonadal germinomas (ovarian dysgerminoma, testicular seminoma)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Genetics
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Bhimani AD et al: Pituitary germinomas: a multi-institutional study analyzing patient demographics and management patterns. Pituitary. 23(4):381-8, 2020
- Pal R et al: Intracranial germinoma masquerading as secondary granulomatous hypophysitis: a case report and review of literature. neuroendocrinology. 110(5):422-9, 2020
- Takami H et al: Epidemiology, natural history, and optimal management of neurohypophyseal germ cell tumors. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
- Takami H et al: Novel diagnostic methods and posttreatment clinical phenotypes among intracranial germ cell tumors. Neurosurgery. ePub, 2020
- Takami H et al: Comparison on epidemiology, tumor location, histology, and prognosis of intracranial germ cell tumors between Mayo Clinic and Japanese consortium cohorts. J Neurosurg. ePub, 2020
- Lo AC et al: Intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults: a 40-year multi-institutional review of outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 106(2):269-78, 2019
- Takami H et al: Integrated clinical, histopathological, and molecular data analysis of 190 central nervous system germ cell tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol. 21(12):1565-77, 2019
- Chen R et al: Fast-developing fatal diffuse leptomeningeal dissemination of a pineal germinoma in a young child: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. ePub, 2018
- Duron L et al: Loco-regional extensions of central nervous system germ cell tumors: a retrospective radiological analysis of 100 patients. Neuroradiology. 60(1):27-34, 2018
- Kong Z et al: Central nervous system germ cell tumors: a review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 33(9):610-20, 2018
- Starnoni D et al: Pineal granuloma masking a germinoma: do not hesitate to repeat the biopsy. J Neurosurg Sci. 62(2):228-9, 2018
- Zapka P et al: Type, frequency, and spatial distribution of immune cell infiltrates in cns germinomas: evidence for inflammatory and immunosuppressive mechanisms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 77(2):119-27, 2018
- Fukushima S et al: Genome-wide methylation profiles in primary intracranial germ cell tumors indicate a primordial germ cell origin for germinomas. Acta Neuropathol. 133(3):445-62, 2017
- Wu CC et al: MRI features of pediatric intracranial germ cell tumor subtypes. J Neurooncol. 134(1):221-30, 2017
- Yoneoka Y et al: Perifocal inflammatory reaction with volume fluctuation caused by diagnostic radiation-induced regression in germinoma makes histological diagnosis difficult despite its disappearance following treatment: a significant pitfall and countermeasures to it. Pediatr Neurosurg. 52(2):87-92, 2017
- Zhang H et al: Bifocal germinomas in the pineal region and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis: Primary or metastasis? J Clin Neurosci. 34:151-7, 2016
