Wang PS et al: Ultrasound of the first trimester. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(3):617-33, 2019
Shaaban AM et al: Gestational trophoblastic disease: clinical and imaging features. Radiographics. 37(2):681-700, 2017
Lane BF et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® first trimester bleeding. Ultrasound Q. 29(2):91-6, 2013
Kohorn EI: Imaging practices in the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease: an assessment. J Reprod Med. 57(5-6):207-10, 2012
Emoto M et al: Clinical usefulness of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasonography in invasive and noninvasive gestational trophoblastic diseases: a preliminary study. J Reprod Med. 56(5-6):224-34, 2011
Lurain JR: Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 203(6):531-9, 2010
Alhamdan D et al: Recognising gestational trophoblastic disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 23(4):565-73, 2009
Betel C et al: Sonographic diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease and comparison with retained products of conception. J Ultrasound Med. 25(8):985-93, 2006
Kaiser-Rogers KA et al: Androgenetic/biparental mosaicism causes placental mesenchymal dysplasia. J Med Genet. 43(2):187-92, 2006
Brandt KR et al: MR appearance of placental site trophoblastic tumor: a report of three cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(2):485-7, 1998
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG)
Synonyms
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasm
Molar pregnancy
Definitions
Abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue
GTD subtypes
Hydatidiform moles
Partial hydatidiform mole (triploidy)
Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM)
Malignant GTD
Invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens)
Choriocarcinoma
Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Wang PS et al: Ultrasound of the first trimester. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(3):617-33, 2019
Shaaban AM et al: Gestational trophoblastic disease: clinical and imaging features. Radiographics. 37(2):681-700, 2017
Lane BF et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® first trimester bleeding. Ultrasound Q. 29(2):91-6, 2013
Kohorn EI: Imaging practices in the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease: an assessment. J Reprod Med. 57(5-6):207-10, 2012
Emoto M et al: Clinical usefulness of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasonography in invasive and noninvasive gestational trophoblastic diseases: a preliminary study. J Reprod Med. 56(5-6):224-34, 2011
Lurain JR: Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease, and management of hydatidiform mole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 203(6):531-9, 2010
Alhamdan D et al: Recognising gestational trophoblastic disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 23(4):565-73, 2009
Betel C et al: Sonographic diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease and comparison with retained products of conception. J Ultrasound Med. 25(8):985-93, 2006
Kaiser-Rogers KA et al: Androgenetic/biparental mosaicism causes placental mesenchymal dysplasia. J Med Genet. 43(2):187-92, 2006
Brandt KR et al: MR appearance of placental site trophoblastic tumor: a report of three cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(2):485-7, 1998
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