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Giant Cell Arteritis
Santiago Martínez-Jiménez, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Abbreviations

            • Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
              • Cranial GCA (C-GCA)
              • Large-vessel GCA (LV-GCA) (also extracranial GCA)
              • Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
          • Synonyms

            • Temporal arteritis
              • C-GCA often referred to as temporal arteritis; terminology not longer recommended, as sparing of temporal artery is not uncommon and because disease may involve large vessels
              • Horton disease
          • Definitions

            • Granulomatous autoimmune vasculitis affecting larger arteries and aorta
              • C-GCA: Often involves temporal artery and other head/neck vessels; but may also involve aorta and major branches
              • LV-GCA: Often involves thoracic aorta and major branches
              • Frequently associated with PMR
                • Aching and morning stiffness in shoulders, hip girdle, and neck

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • CT Findings

              • MR Findings

                • Ultrasonographic Findings

                  • Angiographic Findings

                    • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                      • Imaging Recommendations

                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                          PATHOLOGY

                          • General Features

                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                              • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                • Microscopic Features

                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                  • Presentation

                                    • Demographics

                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                        • Treatment

                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                          • Consider

                                            Selected References

                                            1. Braun J et al: The role of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 36 Suppl 114(5):108-14, 2018
                                            2. Dejaco C et al: The spectrum of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: revisiting the concept of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 56(4):506-15, 2017
                                            3. Gomułka K et al: Horton's disease: still an important medical problem in elderly patients: a review and case report. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 34(5):510-3, 2017
                                            4. Buttgereit F et al: Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 315(22):2442-58, 2016
                                            5. Aschwanden M et al: The ultrasound compression sign to diagnose temporal giant cell arteritis shows an excellent interobserver agreement. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 33(2 Suppl 89):S-113-5, 2015
                                            6. Khan A et al: Imaging in giant cell arteritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 17(8):527, 2015
                                            7. Hartlage GR et al: Multimodality imaging of aortitis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 7(6):605-19, 2014
                                            8. Schmidt WA: Ultrasound in vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 32(1 Suppl 80):S71-7, 2014
                                            9. Jennette JC et al: 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 65(1):1-11, 2013
                                            10. Blockmans D: Diagnosis and extension of giant cell arteritis. Contribution of imaging techniques. Presse Med. 41(10):948-54, 2012
                                            11. Castañer E et al: Imaging findings in pulmonary vasculitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(6):567-79, 2012
                                            12. Bossert M et al: Aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis: current data. Joint Bone Spine. 78(3):246-51, 2011
                                            13. Falardeau J: Giant cell arteritis. Neurol Clin. 28(3):581-91, 2010
                                            14. Bley TA et al: Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28(9):1722-7, 2007
                                            Related Anatomy
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                                            Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                            References
                                            Tables

                                            Tables

                                            KEY FACTS

                                            • Terminology

                                              • Imaging

                                                • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                  • Clinical Issues

                                                    TERMINOLOGY

                                                    • Abbreviations

                                                      • Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
                                                        • Cranial GCA (C-GCA)
                                                        • Large-vessel GCA (LV-GCA) (also extracranial GCA)
                                                        • Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
                                                    • Synonyms

                                                      • Temporal arteritis
                                                        • C-GCA often referred to as temporal arteritis; terminology not longer recommended, as sparing of temporal artery is not uncommon and because disease may involve large vessels
                                                        • Horton disease
                                                    • Definitions

                                                      • Granulomatous autoimmune vasculitis affecting larger arteries and aorta
                                                        • C-GCA: Often involves temporal artery and other head/neck vessels; but may also involve aorta and major branches
                                                        • LV-GCA: Often involves thoracic aorta and major branches
                                                        • Frequently associated with PMR
                                                          • Aching and morning stiffness in shoulders, hip girdle, and neck

                                                    IMAGING

                                                    • General Features

                                                      • CT Findings

                                                        • MR Findings

                                                          • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                            • Angiographic Findings

                                                              • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                                                                • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                  DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                    PATHOLOGY

                                                                    • General Features

                                                                      • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                        • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                          • Microscopic Features

                                                                            CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                            • Presentation

                                                                              • Demographics

                                                                                • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                  • Treatment

                                                                                    DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                    • Consider

                                                                                      Selected References

                                                                                      1. Braun J et al: The role of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 36 Suppl 114(5):108-14, 2018
                                                                                      2. Dejaco C et al: The spectrum of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: revisiting the concept of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 56(4):506-15, 2017
                                                                                      3. Gomułka K et al: Horton's disease: still an important medical problem in elderly patients: a review and case report. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 34(5):510-3, 2017
                                                                                      4. Buttgereit F et al: Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 315(22):2442-58, 2016
                                                                                      5. Aschwanden M et al: The ultrasound compression sign to diagnose temporal giant cell arteritis shows an excellent interobserver agreement. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 33(2 Suppl 89):S-113-5, 2015
                                                                                      6. Khan A et al: Imaging in giant cell arteritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 17(8):527, 2015
                                                                                      7. Hartlage GR et al: Multimodality imaging of aortitis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 7(6):605-19, 2014
                                                                                      8. Schmidt WA: Ultrasound in vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 32(1 Suppl 80):S71-7, 2014
                                                                                      9. Jennette JC et al: 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 65(1):1-11, 2013
                                                                                      10. Blockmans D: Diagnosis and extension of giant cell arteritis. Contribution of imaging techniques. Presse Med. 41(10):948-54, 2012
                                                                                      11. Castañer E et al: Imaging findings in pulmonary vasculitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(6):567-79, 2012
                                                                                      12. Bossert M et al: Aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis: current data. Joint Bone Spine. 78(3):246-51, 2011
                                                                                      13. Falardeau J: Giant cell arteritis. Neurol Clin. 28(3):581-91, 2010
                                                                                      14. Bley TA et al: Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28(9):1722-7, 2007