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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Group B streptococcal (GBS) meningitis
Synonyms
- Group B β-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis
Definitions
- Leading cause of newborn meningitis in developed countries
- Early-onset disease (EOD): GBS sepsis presenting in 1st week of life
- 80% of GBS infections are EOD; meningitis complicates in 10%
- Late-onset disease (LOD): GBS sepsis presenting between 1-4 weeks of life
- 20% GBS infections are LOD; meningitis complicates in 40-60%
- Early-onset disease (EOD): GBS sepsis presenting in 1st week of life
- Leading cause of newborn meningitis in developed countries
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Buurman ET et al: A novel hexavalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (GBS6) for the prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal infections by maternal immunization. J Infect Dis. 220(1):105-15, 2019
- Martis JMS et al: Brain imaging can predict neurodevelopmental outcome of Group B streptococcal meningitis in neonates. Acta Paediatr. 108(5):855-64, 2019
- Choi SY et al: Patterns of ischemic injury on brain images in neonatal group B Streptococcal meningitis. Korean J Pediatr. 61(8):245-52, 2018
- Simonsen KA et al: Early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 27(1):21-47, 2014
- Tan YC et al: Treatment strategies for central nervous system infections: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 1-17, 2014
- Baker CJ: The spectrum of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Vaccine. 31 Suppl 4:D3-6, 2013
- Berardi A et al: Group B streptococcus late-onset disease: 2003-2010. Pediatrics. 131(2):e361-8, 2013
- Hernández MI et al: Stroke patterns in neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis. Pediatr Neurol. 44(4):282-8, 2011
- Thigpen MC et al: Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. N Engl J Med. 364(21):2016-25, 2011
- McCourt EA et al: Isolated group B streptococcal endogenous endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma or persistent fetal vasculature in a healthy full-term infant. J AAPOS. 14(4):352-5, 2010
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Trends in perinatal group B streptococcal disease - United States, 2000-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 58(5):109-12, 2009
- Hamada S et al: Neonatal group B streptococcal disease: incidence, presentation, and mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 21(1):53-7, 2008
- Yikilmaz A et al: Sonographic findings in bacterial meningitis in neonates and young infants. Pediatr Radiol. 38(2):129-37, 2008
- Heath PT et al: Perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21(3):411-24, 2007
- Smirniotopoulos JG et al: Patterns of contrast enhancement in the brain and meninges. Radiographics. 27(2):525-51, 2007
- Miyairi I et al: Group B streptococcal ventriculitis: a report of three cases and literature review. Pediatr Neurol. 34(5):395-9, 2006
- American College of Nurse-Midwives. Related Articles et al: Early-onset group B strep infection in newborns: prevention and prophylaxis Number 2, April 2003 (replaces Clinical Bulletin number 2, January 1997). J Midwifery Womens Health. 48(5):375-81, 2003
- Heath PT et al: Neonatal meningitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88(3):F173-8, 2003
- Stevens JP et al: Long term outcome of neonatal meningitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88(3):F179-84, 2003
- Doran KS et al: Late-onset group B streptococcal infection in identical twins: insight to disease pathogenesis. J Perinatol. 22(4):326-30, 2002
- Gotoff SP: Group B streptococcal infections. Pediatr Rev. 23(11):381-6, 2002
- Barkovich AJ: Infections of the nervous system. In Pediatric Neuroimaging. Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. 715-70, 2000
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Group B streptococcal (GBS) meningitis
Synonyms
- Group B β-hemolytic streptococcal meningitis
Definitions
- Leading cause of newborn meningitis in developed countries
- Early-onset disease (EOD): GBS sepsis presenting in 1st week of life
- 80% of GBS infections are EOD; meningitis complicates in 10%
- Late-onset disease (LOD): GBS sepsis presenting between 1-4 weeks of life
- 20% GBS infections are LOD; meningitis complicates in 40-60%
- Early-onset disease (EOD): GBS sepsis presenting in 1st week of life
- Leading cause of newborn meningitis in developed countries
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Buurman ET et al: A novel hexavalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (GBS6) for the prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal infections by maternal immunization. J Infect Dis. 220(1):105-15, 2019
- Martis JMS et al: Brain imaging can predict neurodevelopmental outcome of Group B streptococcal meningitis in neonates. Acta Paediatr. 108(5):855-64, 2019
- Choi SY et al: Patterns of ischemic injury on brain images in neonatal group B Streptococcal meningitis. Korean J Pediatr. 61(8):245-52, 2018
- Simonsen KA et al: Early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 27(1):21-47, 2014
- Tan YC et al: Treatment strategies for central nervous system infections: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 1-17, 2014
- Baker CJ: The spectrum of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Vaccine. 31 Suppl 4:D3-6, 2013
- Berardi A et al: Group B streptococcus late-onset disease: 2003-2010. Pediatrics. 131(2):e361-8, 2013
- Hernández MI et al: Stroke patterns in neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis. Pediatr Neurol. 44(4):282-8, 2011
- Thigpen MC et al: Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. N Engl J Med. 364(21):2016-25, 2011
- McCourt EA et al: Isolated group B streptococcal endogenous endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma or persistent fetal vasculature in a healthy full-term infant. J AAPOS. 14(4):352-5, 2010
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Trends in perinatal group B streptococcal disease - United States, 2000-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 58(5):109-12, 2009
- Hamada S et al: Neonatal group B streptococcal disease: incidence, presentation, and mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 21(1):53-7, 2008
- Yikilmaz A et al: Sonographic findings in bacterial meningitis in neonates and young infants. Pediatr Radiol. 38(2):129-37, 2008
- Heath PT et al: Perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21(3):411-24, 2007
- Smirniotopoulos JG et al: Patterns of contrast enhancement in the brain and meninges. Radiographics. 27(2):525-51, 2007
- Miyairi I et al: Group B streptococcal ventriculitis: a report of three cases and literature review. Pediatr Neurol. 34(5):395-9, 2006
- American College of Nurse-Midwives. Related Articles et al: Early-onset group B strep infection in newborns: prevention and prophylaxis Number 2, April 2003 (replaces Clinical Bulletin number 2, January 1997). J Midwifery Womens Health. 48(5):375-81, 2003
- Heath PT et al: Neonatal meningitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88(3):F173-8, 2003
- Stevens JP et al: Long term outcome of neonatal meningitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88(3):F179-84, 2003
- Doran KS et al: Late-onset group B streptococcal infection in identical twins: insight to disease pathogenesis. J Perinatol. 22(4):326-30, 2002
- Gotoff SP: Group B streptococcal infections. Pediatr Rev. 23(11):381-6, 2002
- Barkovich AJ: Infections of the nervous system. In Pediatric Neuroimaging. Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins. 715-70, 2000
