If avulsion fracture: Bony humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL)
Definitions
Avulsion of IGHL from humeral insertion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Magee T: Prevalence of HAGL lesions and associated abnormalities on shoulder MR examination. Skeletal Radiol. 43(3):307-13, 2014
Maldjian C et al: Evaluation of contrast extravasation as a diagnostic criterion in the evaluation of arthroscopically proven HAGL/pHAGL lesions. Radiol Res Pract. 2014:283575, 2014
Park KJ et al: A large humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments decreases stability that can be restored with repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 472(8):2372-9, 2014
George MS et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 19(3):127-33, 2011
Taljanovic MS et al: Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in college female volleyball players caused by repetitive microtrauma. Am J Sports Med. 39(5):1067-76, 2011
Murphy DT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(1):W74-5; author reply W76, 2009
Melvin JS et al: MRI of HAGL lesions: four arthroscopically confirmed cases of false-positive diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(3):730-4, 2008
Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med. 35(11):1960-6, 2007
Rhee YG et al: Anterior shoulder instability with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 16(2):188-92, 2007
Yiannakopoulos CK et al: A comparison of the spectrum of intra-articular lesions in acute and chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 23(9):985-90, 2007
Pouliart N et al: Simulated humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: a new instability model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15(6):728-35, 2006
Arciero RA et al: Mini-open repair technique of HAGL (humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament) lesion. Arthroscopy. 21(9):1152, 2005
Spang JT et al: The HAGL lesion: an arthroscopic technique for repair of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 21(4):498-502, 2005
Chhabra A et al: Arthroscopic repair of a posterior humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:73-6, 2004
Richards DP et al: Arthroscopic humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL) repair. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:134-41, 2004
Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsions of the glenohumeral ligament: imaging features and a review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 179(3):649-55, 2002
Coates MH et al: Humeral avulsion of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with associated subscapularis bony avulsion in skeletally immature patients. Skeletal Radiol. 30(12):661-6, 2001
Bokor DJ et al: Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. A review of 41 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 81(1):93-6, 1999
Wolf EM et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments as a cause of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 11(5):600-7, 1995
If avulsion fracture: Bony humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL)
Definitions
Avulsion of IGHL from humeral insertion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Magee T: Prevalence of HAGL lesions and associated abnormalities on shoulder MR examination. Skeletal Radiol. 43(3):307-13, 2014
Maldjian C et al: Evaluation of contrast extravasation as a diagnostic criterion in the evaluation of arthroscopically proven HAGL/pHAGL lesions. Radiol Res Pract. 2014:283575, 2014
Park KJ et al: A large humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments decreases stability that can be restored with repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 472(8):2372-9, 2014
George MS et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 19(3):127-33, 2011
Taljanovic MS et al: Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in college female volleyball players caused by repetitive microtrauma. Am J Sports Med. 39(5):1067-76, 2011
Murphy DT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(1):W74-5; author reply W76, 2009
Melvin JS et al: MRI of HAGL lesions: four arthroscopically confirmed cases of false-positive diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(3):730-4, 2008
Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med. 35(11):1960-6, 2007
Rhee YG et al: Anterior shoulder instability with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 16(2):188-92, 2007
Yiannakopoulos CK et al: A comparison of the spectrum of intra-articular lesions in acute and chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 23(9):985-90, 2007
Pouliart N et al: Simulated humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: a new instability model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15(6):728-35, 2006
Arciero RA et al: Mini-open repair technique of HAGL (humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament) lesion. Arthroscopy. 21(9):1152, 2005
Spang JT et al: The HAGL lesion: an arthroscopic technique for repair of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 21(4):498-502, 2005
Chhabra A et al: Arthroscopic repair of a posterior humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:73-6, 2004
Richards DP et al: Arthroscopic humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL) repair. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:134-41, 2004
Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsions of the glenohumeral ligament: imaging features and a review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 179(3):649-55, 2002
Coates MH et al: Humeral avulsion of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with associated subscapularis bony avulsion in skeletally immature patients. Skeletal Radiol. 30(12):661-6, 2001
Bokor DJ et al: Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. A review of 41 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 81(1):93-6, 1999
Wolf EM et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments as a cause of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 11(5):600-7, 1995
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