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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (HAGL)
Synonyms
- Lateral inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) tear
- If avulsion fracture: Bony humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL)
Definitions
- Avulsion of IGHL from humeral insertion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Magee T: Prevalence of HAGL lesions and associated abnormalities on shoulder MR examination. Skeletal Radiol. 43(3):307-13, 2014
- Maldjian C et al: Evaluation of contrast extravasation as a diagnostic criterion in the evaluation of arthroscopically proven HAGL/pHAGL lesions. Radiol Res Pract. 2014:283575, 2014
- Park KJ et al: A large humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments decreases stability that can be restored with repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 472(8):2372-9, 2014
- George MS et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 19(3):127-33, 2011
- Taljanovic MS et al: Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in college female volleyball players caused by repetitive microtrauma. Am J Sports Med. 39(5):1067-76, 2011
- Murphy DT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(1):W74-5; author reply W76, 2009
- Melvin JS et al: MRI of HAGL lesions: four arthroscopically confirmed cases of false-positive diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(3):730-4, 2008
- Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med. 35(11):1960-6, 2007
- Rhee YG et al: Anterior shoulder instability with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 16(2):188-92, 2007
- Yiannakopoulos CK et al: A comparison of the spectrum of intra-articular lesions in acute and chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 23(9):985-90, 2007
- Pouliart N et al: Simulated humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: a new instability model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15(6):728-35, 2006
- Arciero RA et al: Mini-open repair technique of HAGL (humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament) lesion. Arthroscopy. 21(9):1152, 2005
- Spang JT et al: The HAGL lesion: an arthroscopic technique for repair of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 21(4):498-502, 2005
- Chhabra A et al: Arthroscopic repair of a posterior humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:73-6, 2004
- Richards DP et al: Arthroscopic humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL) repair. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:134-41, 2004
- Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsions of the glenohumeral ligament: imaging features and a review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 179(3):649-55, 2002
- Coates MH et al: Humeral avulsion of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with associated subscapularis bony avulsion in skeletally immature patients. Skeletal Radiol. 30(12):661-6, 2001
- Bokor DJ et al: Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. A review of 41 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 81(1):93-6, 1999
- Wolf EM et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments as a cause of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 11(5):600-7, 1995
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (HAGL)
Synonyms
- Lateral inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) tear
- If avulsion fracture: Bony humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL)
Definitions
- Avulsion of IGHL from humeral insertion
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Magee T: Prevalence of HAGL lesions and associated abnormalities on shoulder MR examination. Skeletal Radiol. 43(3):307-13, 2014
- Maldjian C et al: Evaluation of contrast extravasation as a diagnostic criterion in the evaluation of arthroscopically proven HAGL/pHAGL lesions. Radiol Res Pract. 2014:283575, 2014
- Park KJ et al: A large humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments decreases stability that can be restored with repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 472(8):2372-9, 2014
- George MS et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 19(3):127-33, 2011
- Taljanovic MS et al: Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in college female volleyball players caused by repetitive microtrauma. Am J Sports Med. 39(5):1067-76, 2011
- Murphy DT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(1):W74-5; author reply W76, 2009
- Melvin JS et al: MRI of HAGL lesions: four arthroscopically confirmed cases of false-positive diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(3):730-4, 2008
- Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: the HAGL lesion. Am J Sports Med. 35(11):1960-6, 2007
- Rhee YG et al: Anterior shoulder instability with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 16(2):188-92, 2007
- Yiannakopoulos CK et al: A comparison of the spectrum of intra-articular lesions in acute and chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 23(9):985-90, 2007
- Pouliart N et al: Simulated humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments: a new instability model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15(6):728-35, 2006
- Arciero RA et al: Mini-open repair technique of HAGL (humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament) lesion. Arthroscopy. 21(9):1152, 2005
- Spang JT et al: The HAGL lesion: an arthroscopic technique for repair of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 21(4):498-502, 2005
- Chhabra A et al: Arthroscopic repair of a posterior humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:73-6, 2004
- Richards DP et al: Arthroscopic humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL) repair. Arthroscopy. 20 Suppl 2:134-41, 2004
- Bui-Mansfield LT et al: Humeral avulsions of the glenohumeral ligament: imaging features and a review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 179(3):649-55, 2002
- Coates MH et al: Humeral avulsion of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with associated subscapularis bony avulsion in skeletally immature patients. Skeletal Radiol. 30(12):661-6, 2001
- Bokor DJ et al: Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament. A review of 41 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 81(1):93-6, 1999
- Wolf EM et al: Humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligaments as a cause of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy. 11(5):600-7, 1995
