Camacho JE et al: The use of minimally invasive surgery in spine trauma: a review of concepts. J Spine Surg. 5(Suppl 1):S91-100, 2019
Baber Z et al: Failed back surgery syndrome: current perspectives. J Pain Res. 9:979-87, 2016
Petscavage-Thomas JM et al: Imaging current spine hardware: part 1, cervical spine and fracture fixation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(2):394-405, 2014
Willson MC et al: Postoperative spine complications. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):305-26, 2014
Cahill KS et al: Prevalence, complications, and hospital charges associated with use of bone-morphogenetic proteins in spinal fusion procedures. JAMA. 302(1):58-66, 2009
Murtagh RD et al: Normal and abnormal imaging findings in lumbar total disk replacement: devices and complications. Radiographics. 29(1):105-18, 2009
Stradiotti P et al: Metal-related artifacts in instrumented spine. Techniques for reducing artifacts in CT and MRI: state of the art. Eur Spine J. 18 Suppl 1:102-8, 2009
Park JB et al: Timing of development of adjacent-level ossification after anterior cervical arthrodesis with plates. Spine J. 7(6):633-6, 2007
Rutherford EE et al: Lumbar spine fusion and stabilization: hardware, techniques, and imaging appearances. Radiographics. 27(6):1737-49, 2007
Park JB et al: Development of adjacent-level ossification in patients with an anterior cervical plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 87(3):558-63, 2005
Cannada LK et al: Pseudoarthrosis of the cervical spine: a comparison of radiographic diagnostic measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 28(1):46-51, 2003
Singh SK et al: Occipitocervical reconstruction with the Ohio Medical Instruments Loop: results of a multicenter evaluation in 30 cases. J Neurosurg. 98(3 Suppl):239-46, 2003
Bagchi K et al: Hardware complications in scoliosis surgery. Pediatr Radiol. 32(7):465-75, 2002
Apfelbaum RI et al: Direct anterior screw fixation for recent and remote odontoid fractures. J Neurosurg. 93(2 Suppl):227-36, 2000
Deckey JE et al: Loss of sagittal plane correction after removal of spinal implants. Spine. 25(19):2453-60, 2000
Glassman SD et al: The durability of small-diameter rods in lumbar spinal fusion. J Spinal Disord. 13(2):165-7, 2000
Geiger F et al: Complications of scoliosis surgery in children with myelomeningocele. Eur Spine J. 8(1):22-6, 1999
Wetzel FT et al: Hardware failure in an unconstrained lumbar pedicle screw system. A 2-year follow-up study. Spine. 24(11):1138-43, 1999
Lowery GL et al: The significance of hardware failure in anterior cervical plate fixation. Patients with 2- to 7-year follow-up. Spine. 15;23(2):181-6; discussion 186-7, 1998
Masferrer R et al: Efficacy of pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of spinal instability and failed back surgery: a 5-year review. J Neurosurg. 89(3):371-7, 1998
Wellman BJ et al: Complications of posterior articular mass plate fixation of the subaxial cervical spine in 43 consecutive patients. Spine. 23(2):193-200, 1998
Shapiro SA et al: Spinal instrumentation with a low complication rate. Surg Neurol. 48(6):566-74, 1997
Paramore CG et al: Radiographic and clinical follow-up review of Caspar plates in 49 patients. J Neurosurg. 84(6):957-61, 1996
Blumenthal S et al: Complications of the Wiltse Pedicle Screw Fixation System. Spine. 18(13):1867-71, 1993
Guidera KJ et al: Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Results in 52 patients. Spine. 18(4):427-31, 1993
McLain RF et al: Early failure of short-segment pedicle instrumentation for thoracolumbar fractures. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 75(2):162-7, 1993
Slone RM et al: Spinal fixation. Part 3. Complications of spinal instrumentation. Radiographics. 13(4):797-816, 1993
Wilkinson RH et al: Radiographic evaluation of the spine after surgical correction of scoliosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 133(4):703-9, 1979
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Implant or prosthesis failure
Definitions
Mechanical breakdown or malfunction of hardware
Pseudarthorosis, subsidence
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Ultrasonographic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Camacho JE et al: The use of minimally invasive surgery in spine trauma: a review of concepts. J Spine Surg. 5(Suppl 1):S91-100, 2019
Baber Z et al: Failed back surgery syndrome: current perspectives. J Pain Res. 9:979-87, 2016
Petscavage-Thomas JM et al: Imaging current spine hardware: part 1, cervical spine and fracture fixation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(2):394-405, 2014
Willson MC et al: Postoperative spine complications. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):305-26, 2014
Cahill KS et al: Prevalence, complications, and hospital charges associated with use of bone-morphogenetic proteins in spinal fusion procedures. JAMA. 302(1):58-66, 2009
Murtagh RD et al: Normal and abnormal imaging findings in lumbar total disk replacement: devices and complications. Radiographics. 29(1):105-18, 2009
Stradiotti P et al: Metal-related artifacts in instrumented spine. Techniques for reducing artifacts in CT and MRI: state of the art. Eur Spine J. 18 Suppl 1:102-8, 2009
Park JB et al: Timing of development of adjacent-level ossification after anterior cervical arthrodesis with plates. Spine J. 7(6):633-6, 2007
Rutherford EE et al: Lumbar spine fusion and stabilization: hardware, techniques, and imaging appearances. Radiographics. 27(6):1737-49, 2007
Park JB et al: Development of adjacent-level ossification in patients with an anterior cervical plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 87(3):558-63, 2005
Cannada LK et al: Pseudoarthrosis of the cervical spine: a comparison of radiographic diagnostic measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 28(1):46-51, 2003
Singh SK et al: Occipitocervical reconstruction with the Ohio Medical Instruments Loop: results of a multicenter evaluation in 30 cases. J Neurosurg. 98(3 Suppl):239-46, 2003
Bagchi K et al: Hardware complications in scoliosis surgery. Pediatr Radiol. 32(7):465-75, 2002
Apfelbaum RI et al: Direct anterior screw fixation for recent and remote odontoid fractures. J Neurosurg. 93(2 Suppl):227-36, 2000
Deckey JE et al: Loss of sagittal plane correction after removal of spinal implants. Spine. 25(19):2453-60, 2000
Glassman SD et al: The durability of small-diameter rods in lumbar spinal fusion. J Spinal Disord. 13(2):165-7, 2000
Geiger F et al: Complications of scoliosis surgery in children with myelomeningocele. Eur Spine J. 8(1):22-6, 1999
Wetzel FT et al: Hardware failure in an unconstrained lumbar pedicle screw system. A 2-year follow-up study. Spine. 24(11):1138-43, 1999
Lowery GL et al: The significance of hardware failure in anterior cervical plate fixation. Patients with 2- to 7-year follow-up. Spine. 15;23(2):181-6; discussion 186-7, 1998
Masferrer R et al: Efficacy of pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of spinal instability and failed back surgery: a 5-year review. J Neurosurg. 89(3):371-7, 1998
Wellman BJ et al: Complications of posterior articular mass plate fixation of the subaxial cervical spine in 43 consecutive patients. Spine. 23(2):193-200, 1998
Shapiro SA et al: Spinal instrumentation with a low complication rate. Surg Neurol. 48(6):566-74, 1997
Paramore CG et al: Radiographic and clinical follow-up review of Caspar plates in 49 patients. J Neurosurg. 84(6):957-61, 1996
Blumenthal S et al: Complications of the Wiltse Pedicle Screw Fixation System. Spine. 18(13):1867-71, 1993
Guidera KJ et al: Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Results in 52 patients. Spine. 18(4):427-31, 1993
McLain RF et al: Early failure of short-segment pedicle instrumentation for thoracolumbar fractures. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 75(2):162-7, 1993
Slone RM et al: Spinal fixation. Part 3. Complications of spinal instrumentation. Radiographics. 13(4):797-816, 1993
Wilkinson RH et al: Radiographic evaluation of the spine after surgical correction of scoliosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 133(4):703-9, 1979
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