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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Hematoma: localized collection of blood (usually clotted) outside blood vessel but contained within space
- Interstitial hemorrhage: blood interspersed within muscle
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Flores DV et al: MR imaging of muscle trauma: anatomy, biomechanics, pathophysiology, and imaging appearance. Radiographics. 38(1):124-48, 2018
- Le CK et al: Point-of-care ultrasound use to differentiate hematoma and sarcoma of the thigh in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 33(2):135-6, 2017
- Lutterbach-Penna RA et al: Ultrasound of the thigh: focal, compartmental, or comprehensive examination? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(5):1085-92, 2014
- Hayashi D et al: Traumatic injuries of thigh and calf muscles in athletes: role and clinical relevance of MR imaging and ultrasound. Insights Imaging. 3(6):591-601, 2012
- Lee JC et al: Imaging of muscle injury in the elite athlete. Br J Radiol. 85(1016):1173-85, 2012
- Negoro K et al: Chronic expanding hematoma of the thigh. Joint Bone Spine. 79(2):192-4, 2012
- Blankenbaker DG et al: Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 14(2):176-93, 2010
- Kontogeorgakos VA et al: Extremity soft tissue sarcomas presented as hematomas. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 130(10):1209-14, 2010
- McKenzie G et al: Pictorial review: non-neoplastic soft-tissue masses. Br J Radiol. 82(981):775-85, 2009
- Shelly MJ et al: MR imaging of muscle injury. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 17(4):757-73, vii, 2009
- Taïeb S et al: Soft tissue sarcomas or intramuscular haematomas? Eur J Radiol. 72(1):44-9, 2009
- Wu JS et al: Soft-tissue tumors and tumorlike lesions: a systematic imaging approach. Radiology. 253(2):297-316, 2009
- Nett MP et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of acute "wiiitis" of the upper extremity. Skeletal Radiol. 37(5):481-3, 2008
- Theodorou SJ et al: Imaging findings of complications affecting the upper extremity in intravenous drug users: featured cases. Emerg Radiol. 15(4):227-39, 2008
- Allen DJ et al: Primary malignancies mistaken for pseudotumours in haemophilic patients. Haemophilia. 13(4):383-6, 2007
- Papp DF et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of soft-tissue tumors: determinate and indeterminate lesions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 89 Suppl 3:103-15, 2007
- Elsayes KM et al: Value of magnetic resonance imaging in muscle trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 35(5):206-12, 2006
- Liu PT et al: Chronic expanding hematoma of the thigh simulating neoplasm on gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 35(4):254-7, 2006
- Mann HA et al: Synovial Sarcoma Mimicking Haemophilic Pseudotumour. Sarcoma. 2006
- Niimi R et al: Soft-tissue sarcoma mimicking large haematoma: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 14(1):90-5, 2006
- Rajapakse BN et al: Calcifying haematoma mimicking a soft tissue sarcoma and myositis ossificans. ANZ J Surg. 76(11):1027-9, 2006
- Suzuki T et al: Arterial injury associated with acute compartment syndrome of the thigh following blunt trauma. Injury. 36(1):151-9, 2005
- Connell DA et al: Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183(4):975-84, 2004
- Gilbert BC et al: MRI of a Morel-Lavellée lesion. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(5):1347-8, 2004
- Gomez P et al: High-grade sarcomas mimicking traumatic intramuscular hematomas: a report of three cases. Iowa Orthop J. 24:106-10, 2004
- Mahevas M et al: [Muscular haematoma in Henoch-Schonlein purpura] Rev Med Interne. 25(12):927-30, 2004
- Saotome K et al: Enlarging intramuscular hematoma and fibrinolytic parameters. J Orthop Sci. 8(2):132-6, 2003
- Krebs M et al: Massive postoperative intramuscular bleeding in acquired von Willebrand's disease. Ann Hematol. 81(7):394-6, 2002
- Bush CH: The magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal hemorrhage. Skeletal Radiol. 29(1):1-9, 2000
- Aoki T et al: The radiological findings in chronic expanding hematoma. Skeletal Radiol. 28(7):396-401, 1999
- Clanton TO et al: Hamstring strains in athletes: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 6(4):237-48, 1998
- Lin WY et al: Subcutaneous hematoma detected on Tc-99m pyrophosphate muscle imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 23(1):56, 1998
- Jaovisidha S et al: Hemophilic pseudotumor: spectrum of MR findings. Skeletal Radiol. 26(8):468-74, 1997
- Takebayashi S et al: Sonographic findings in muscle strain injury: clinical and MR imaging correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 14(12):899-905, 1995
- Bradley WG Jr: MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology. 189(1):15-26, 1993
- Mittlmeier T et al: Compartment syndrome of the foot after intraarticular calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (269):241-8, 1991
- De Smet AA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle tears. Skeletal Radiol. 19(4):283-6, 1990
- Niemi P et al: MR imaging of experimental intramuscular hemorrhage at 0.02 T. Contrast enhancement with Gd-DOTA. Acta Radiol. 31(5):455-8, 1990
- Wilson DA et al: MR imaging of hemophilic pseudotumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 150(2):349-50, 1988
- Pakter RL et al: Calf hematoma--computed tomographic and magnetic resonance findings. Skeletal Radiol. 16(5):393-6, 1987
- Rubin JI et al: High-field MR imaging of extracranial hematomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 148(4):813-7, 1987
- Dooms GC et al: MR imaging of intramuscular hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 9(5):908-13, 1985
- Heiken JP et al: CT of benign soft-tissue masses of the extremities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 142(3):575-80, 1984
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Hematoma: localized collection of blood (usually clotted) outside blood vessel but contained within space
- Interstitial hemorrhage: blood interspersed within muscle
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Flores DV et al: MR imaging of muscle trauma: anatomy, biomechanics, pathophysiology, and imaging appearance. Radiographics. 38(1):124-48, 2018
- Le CK et al: Point-of-care ultrasound use to differentiate hematoma and sarcoma of the thigh in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 33(2):135-6, 2017
- Lutterbach-Penna RA et al: Ultrasound of the thigh: focal, compartmental, or comprehensive examination? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(5):1085-92, 2014
- Hayashi D et al: Traumatic injuries of thigh and calf muscles in athletes: role and clinical relevance of MR imaging and ultrasound. Insights Imaging. 3(6):591-601, 2012
- Lee JC et al: Imaging of muscle injury in the elite athlete. Br J Radiol. 85(1016):1173-85, 2012
- Negoro K et al: Chronic expanding hematoma of the thigh. Joint Bone Spine. 79(2):192-4, 2012
- Blankenbaker DG et al: Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 14(2):176-93, 2010
- Kontogeorgakos VA et al: Extremity soft tissue sarcomas presented as hematomas. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 130(10):1209-14, 2010
- McKenzie G et al: Pictorial review: non-neoplastic soft-tissue masses. Br J Radiol. 82(981):775-85, 2009
- Shelly MJ et al: MR imaging of muscle injury. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 17(4):757-73, vii, 2009
- Taïeb S et al: Soft tissue sarcomas or intramuscular haematomas? Eur J Radiol. 72(1):44-9, 2009
- Wu JS et al: Soft-tissue tumors and tumorlike lesions: a systematic imaging approach. Radiology. 253(2):297-316, 2009
- Nett MP et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of acute "wiiitis" of the upper extremity. Skeletal Radiol. 37(5):481-3, 2008
- Theodorou SJ et al: Imaging findings of complications affecting the upper extremity in intravenous drug users: featured cases. Emerg Radiol. 15(4):227-39, 2008
- Allen DJ et al: Primary malignancies mistaken for pseudotumours in haemophilic patients. Haemophilia. 13(4):383-6, 2007
- Papp DF et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of soft-tissue tumors: determinate and indeterminate lesions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 89 Suppl 3:103-15, 2007
- Elsayes KM et al: Value of magnetic resonance imaging in muscle trauma. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 35(5):206-12, 2006
- Liu PT et al: Chronic expanding hematoma of the thigh simulating neoplasm on gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 35(4):254-7, 2006
- Mann HA et al: Synovial Sarcoma Mimicking Haemophilic Pseudotumour. Sarcoma. 2006
- Niimi R et al: Soft-tissue sarcoma mimicking large haematoma: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 14(1):90-5, 2006
- Rajapakse BN et al: Calcifying haematoma mimicking a soft tissue sarcoma and myositis ossificans. ANZ J Surg. 76(11):1027-9, 2006
- Suzuki T et al: Arterial injury associated with acute compartment syndrome of the thigh following blunt trauma. Injury. 36(1):151-9, 2005
- Connell DA et al: Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183(4):975-84, 2004
- Gilbert BC et al: MRI of a Morel-Lavellée lesion. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(5):1347-8, 2004
- Gomez P et al: High-grade sarcomas mimicking traumatic intramuscular hematomas: a report of three cases. Iowa Orthop J. 24:106-10, 2004
- Mahevas M et al: [Muscular haematoma in Henoch-Schonlein purpura] Rev Med Interne. 25(12):927-30, 2004
- Saotome K et al: Enlarging intramuscular hematoma and fibrinolytic parameters. J Orthop Sci. 8(2):132-6, 2003
- Krebs M et al: Massive postoperative intramuscular bleeding in acquired von Willebrand's disease. Ann Hematol. 81(7):394-6, 2002
- Bush CH: The magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal hemorrhage. Skeletal Radiol. 29(1):1-9, 2000
- Aoki T et al: The radiological findings in chronic expanding hematoma. Skeletal Radiol. 28(7):396-401, 1999
- Clanton TO et al: Hamstring strains in athletes: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 6(4):237-48, 1998
- Lin WY et al: Subcutaneous hematoma detected on Tc-99m pyrophosphate muscle imaging. Clin Nucl Med. 23(1):56, 1998
- Jaovisidha S et al: Hemophilic pseudotumor: spectrum of MR findings. Skeletal Radiol. 26(8):468-74, 1997
- Takebayashi S et al: Sonographic findings in muscle strain injury: clinical and MR imaging correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 14(12):899-905, 1995
- Bradley WG Jr: MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology. 189(1):15-26, 1993
- Mittlmeier T et al: Compartment syndrome of the foot after intraarticular calcaneal fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (269):241-8, 1991
- De Smet AA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle tears. Skeletal Radiol. 19(4):283-6, 1990
- Niemi P et al: MR imaging of experimental intramuscular hemorrhage at 0.02 T. Contrast enhancement with Gd-DOTA. Acta Radiol. 31(5):455-8, 1990
- Wilson DA et al: MR imaging of hemophilic pseudotumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 150(2):349-50, 1988
- Pakter RL et al: Calf hematoma--computed tomographic and magnetic resonance findings. Skeletal Radiol. 16(5):393-6, 1987
- Rubin JI et al: High-field MR imaging of extracranial hematomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 148(4):813-7, 1987
- Dooms GC et al: MR imaging of intramuscular hemorrhage. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 9(5):908-13, 1985
- Heiken JP et al: CT of benign soft-tissue masses of the extremities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 142(3):575-80, 1984
