Most common primary malignant liver tumor, usually arising in cirrhotic liver
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Surveillance for HCC
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Ricke J et al: Gadoxetic acid-based hepatobiliary MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 2(6):100173, 2020
Elsayes KM et al: User and system pitfalls in liver imaging with LI-RADS. J Magn Reson Imaging. 50(6):1673-86, 2019
Hsiao CY et al: A prospective assessment of the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for patients with small liver tumors. J Clin Med. 8(9), 2019
Kim JH et al: Atypical appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma and its mimickers: how to solve challenging cases using gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging. Korean J Radiol. 20(7):1019-41, 2019
Rodgers SK et al: Role of US LI-RADS in the LI-RADS algorithm. Radiographics. 39(3):690-708, 2019
Villanueva A: Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 380(15):1450-62, 2019
Chernyak V et al: Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018: imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients. Radiology. 289(3):816-30, 2018
Choi YR et al: Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced dynamic CT for small hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma and assessment of dynamic enhancement patterns: results of two-year follow-up using cone-beam CT hepatic arteriography. PLoS One. 13(9):e0203940, 2018
Horvat N et al: State of the art in magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Oncol. 52(4):353-64, 2018
Elsayes KM et al: Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: an expert consensus statement. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 4:29-39, 2017
Hoogenboom TC et al: Functional imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol. 3(2):137-53, 2016
Reynolds AR et al: Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics. 35(2):371-86, 2015
Gaddikeri S et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W34-47, 2014
Jha RC et al: LI-RADS categorization of benign and likely benign findings in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pictorial atlas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W48-69, 2014
Roth CG et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies: MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(4):683-707, 2014
Gonzalez SA et al: Risk assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: scores and surveillance. Int J Clin Pract. 66(1):7-10, 2012
Becker-Weidman DJ et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma lesion characterization: single-institution clinical performance review of multiphase gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging--comparison to prior same-center results after MR systems improvements. Radiology. 261(3):824-33, 2011
Haradome H et al: Additional value of gadoxetic acid-DTPA-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with dynamic triple-phase multidetector CT imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 34(1):69-78, 2011
Sano K et al: Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 261(3):834-44, 2011
Suh YJ et al: Differentiation of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W44-52, 2011
Vivarelli M et al: Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: strategies to avoid tumor recurrence. World J Gastroenterol. 17(43):4741-6, 2011
Yu JS et al: Detection of small intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas using diffusion-weighted imaging: comparison with conventional dynamic MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 29(7):985-92, 2011
Hanna RF et al: Double-contrast MRI for accurate staging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 190(1):47-57, 2008
Willatt JM et al: MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology. 247(2):311-30, 2008
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Synonyms
Hepatoma, primary liver cancer
Definitions
Most common primary malignant liver tumor, usually arising in cirrhotic liver
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Surveillance for HCC
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Ricke J et al: Gadoxetic acid-based hepatobiliary MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 2(6):100173, 2020
Elsayes KM et al: User and system pitfalls in liver imaging with LI-RADS. J Magn Reson Imaging. 50(6):1673-86, 2019
Hsiao CY et al: A prospective assessment of the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for patients with small liver tumors. J Clin Med. 8(9), 2019
Kim JH et al: Atypical appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma and its mimickers: how to solve challenging cases using gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging. Korean J Radiol. 20(7):1019-41, 2019
Rodgers SK et al: Role of US LI-RADS in the LI-RADS algorithm. Radiographics. 39(3):690-708, 2019
Villanueva A: Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 380(15):1450-62, 2019
Chernyak V et al: Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018: imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in at-risk patients. Radiology. 289(3):816-30, 2018
Choi YR et al: Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced dynamic CT for small hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma and assessment of dynamic enhancement patterns: results of two-year follow-up using cone-beam CT hepatic arteriography. PLoS One. 13(9):e0203940, 2018
Horvat N et al: State of the art in magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Oncol. 52(4):353-64, 2018
Elsayes KM et al: Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: an expert consensus statement. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 4:29-39, 2017
Hoogenboom TC et al: Functional imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol. 3(2):137-53, 2016
Reynolds AR et al: Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics. 35(2):371-86, 2015
Gaddikeri S et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W34-47, 2014
Jha RC et al: LI-RADS categorization of benign and likely benign findings in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pictorial atlas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W48-69, 2014
Roth CG et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies: MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(4):683-707, 2014
Gonzalez SA et al: Risk assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: scores and surveillance. Int J Clin Pract. 66(1):7-10, 2012
Becker-Weidman DJ et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma lesion characterization: single-institution clinical performance review of multiphase gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging--comparison to prior same-center results after MR systems improvements. Radiology. 261(3):824-33, 2011
Haradome H et al: Additional value of gadoxetic acid-DTPA-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with dynamic triple-phase multidetector CT imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 34(1):69-78, 2011
Sano K et al: Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 261(3):834-44, 2011
Suh YJ et al: Differentiation of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W44-52, 2011
Vivarelli M et al: Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: strategies to avoid tumor recurrence. World J Gastroenterol. 17(43):4741-6, 2011
Yu JS et al: Detection of small intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas using diffusion-weighted imaging: comparison with conventional dynamic MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 29(7):985-92, 2011
Hanna RF et al: Double-contrast MRI for accurate staging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 190(1):47-57, 2008
Willatt JM et al: MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology. 247(2):311-30, 2008
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