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KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Synonyms
Hepatoma
Primary liver cancer
Definitions
Most common primary malignant liver tumor, usually arising in a cirrhotic liver
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Surveillance for HCC
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Gaddikeri S et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W34-47, 2014
Jha RC et al: LI-RADS categorization of benign and likely benign findings in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pictorial atlas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W48-69, 2014
Roth CG et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies: MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(4):683-707, 2014
Gonzalez SA et al: Risk assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: scores and surveillance. Int J Clin Pract. 66(1):7-10, 2012
Becker-Weidman DJ et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma lesion characterization: single-institution clinical performance review of multiphase gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging--comparison to prior same-center results after MR systems improvements. Radiology. 261(3):824-33, 2011
Haradome H et al: Additional value of gadoxetic acid-DTPA-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with dynamic triple-phase multidetector CT imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 34(1):69-78, 2011
Sano K et al: Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 261(3):834-44, 2011
Starr SP et al: Cirrhosis: diagnosis, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 84(12):1353-9, 2011
Suh YJ et al: Differentiation of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W44-52, 2011
Vivarelli M et al: Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: strategies to avoid tumor recurrence. World J Gastroenterol. 17(43):4741-6, 2011
Yu JS et al: Detection of small intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas using diffusion-weighted imaging: comparison with conventional dynamic MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 29(7):985-92, 2011
Hanna RF et al: Double-contrast MRI for accurate staging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 190(1):47-57, 2008
Willatt JM et al: MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology. 247(2):311-30, 2008
Laghi A et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with triple-phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with chronic hepatitis. Radiology. 226(2):543-9, 2003
Brancatelli G et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver: CT, clinical, and pathologic findings in 39 U.S. residents. Radiology. 222(1):89-94, 2002
Kim T et al: Discrimination of small hepatic hemangiomas from hypervascular malignant tumors smaller than 3 cm with three-phase helical CT. Radiology. 219(3):699-706, 2001
Murakami T et al: Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with double arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology. 218(3):763-7, 2001
Peterson MS et al: Pretransplantation surveillance for possible hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: epidemiology and CT-based tumor detection rate in 430 cases with surgical pathologic correlation. Radiology. 217(3):743-9, 2000
Oliver JH 3rd et al: Detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: value of unenhanced or arterial phase CT imaging or both used in conjunction with conventional portal venous phase contrast-enhanced CT imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 167(1):71-7, 1996
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Synonyms
Hepatoma
Primary liver cancer
Definitions
Most common primary malignant liver tumor, usually arising in a cirrhotic liver
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Surveillance for HCC
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Gaddikeri S et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W34-47, 2014
Jha RC et al: LI-RADS categorization of benign and likely benign findings in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pictorial atlas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W48-69, 2014
Roth CG et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies: MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(4):683-707, 2014
Gonzalez SA et al: Risk assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: scores and surveillance. Int J Clin Pract. 66(1):7-10, 2012
Becker-Weidman DJ et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma lesion characterization: single-institution clinical performance review of multiphase gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging--comparison to prior same-center results after MR systems improvements. Radiology. 261(3):824-33, 2011
Haradome H et al: Additional value of gadoxetic acid-DTPA-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in the diagnosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with dynamic triple-phase multidetector CT imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 34(1):69-78, 2011
Sano K et al: Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 261(3):834-44, 2011
Starr SP et al: Cirrhosis: diagnosis, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 84(12):1353-9, 2011
Suh YJ et al: Differentiation of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W44-52, 2011
Vivarelli M et al: Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: strategies to avoid tumor recurrence. World J Gastroenterol. 17(43):4741-6, 2011
Yu JS et al: Detection of small intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas using diffusion-weighted imaging: comparison with conventional dynamic MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 29(7):985-92, 2011
Hanna RF et al: Double-contrast MRI for accurate staging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 190(1):47-57, 2008
Willatt JM et al: MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology. 247(2):311-30, 2008
Laghi A et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with triple-phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with chronic hepatitis. Radiology. 226(2):543-9, 2003
Brancatelli G et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver: CT, clinical, and pathologic findings in 39 U.S. residents. Radiology. 222(1):89-94, 2002
Kim T et al: Discrimination of small hepatic hemangiomas from hypervascular malignant tumors smaller than 3 cm with three-phase helical CT. Radiology. 219(3):699-706, 2001
Murakami T et al: Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with double arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology. 218(3):763-7, 2001
Peterson MS et al: Pretransplantation surveillance for possible hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: epidemiology and CT-based tumor detection rate in 430 cases with surgical pathologic correlation. Radiology. 217(3):743-9, 2000
Oliver JH 3rd et al: Detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: value of unenhanced or arterial phase CT imaging or both used in conjunction with conventional portal venous phase contrast-enhanced CT imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 167(1):71-7, 1996
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