Zhao H et al: Technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan for diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome: a prospective study comparing brain uptake and whole-body uptake. World J Gastroenterol. 26(10):1088-97, 2020
Folador L et al: Hepatopulmonary syndrome has low prevalence of pulmonary vascular abnormalities on chest computed tomography. PLoS One. 14(10):e0223805, 2019
Hachulla AL et al: Impact of liver diseases on heart and lungs. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 12(10):2071-5, 2019
Soulaidopoulos S et al: Review article: update on current and emergent data on hepatopulmonary syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 24(12):1285-98, 2018
Kim YK et al: Thoracic complications of liver cirrhosis: radiologic findings. Radiographics. 29(3):825-37, 2009
Hoeper MM et al: Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Lancet. 363(9419):1461-8, 2004
McAdams HP et al: The hepatopulmonary syndrome: radiologic findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(6):1379-85, 1996
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)
Definitions
Syndrome composed of triad
Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation
↑ alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient on room air
Liver disease
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Angiographic Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bansal K et al: Hepatopulmonary Syndrome 2021
Zhao H et al: Technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan for diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome: a prospective study comparing brain uptake and whole-body uptake. World J Gastroenterol. 26(10):1088-97, 2020
Folador L et al: Hepatopulmonary syndrome has low prevalence of pulmonary vascular abnormalities on chest computed tomography. PLoS One. 14(10):e0223805, 2019
Hachulla AL et al: Impact of liver diseases on heart and lungs. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 12(10):2071-5, 2019
Soulaidopoulos S et al: Review article: update on current and emergent data on hepatopulmonary syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 24(12):1285-98, 2018
Kim YK et al: Thoracic complications of liver cirrhosis: radiologic findings. Radiographics. 29(3):825-37, 2009
Hoeper MM et al: Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Lancet. 363(9419):1461-8, 2004
McAdams HP et al: The hepatopulmonary syndrome: radiologic findings in 10 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(6):1379-85, 1996
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