Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Isomerism of atrial appendages
- Situs ambiguus (term discouraged; known anatomic location)
Definitions
- Situs
- Position of cardiac atria and viscera relative to midline
- Independent of cardiac apex position
- Situs solitus
- Normal position of cardiac atria and viscera
- Situs inversus
- Mirror image of normal position
- Isomerism
- Equal parts (bilateral left- or right-sidedness)
- Heterotaxy
- Abnormal arrangement of thoraco-abdominal organs across left-right axis
- Cardiac position
- Refers to global location of heart in chest
- Left (levoposition), midline (mesoposition), right (dextroposition)
- Levocardia and dextrocardia: Location of cardiac apex
- Levoversion: Situs inversus with levocardia
- Dextroversion: Situs solitus with dextrocardia
- Situs
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Frescura C et al: Isomerism of the atrial appendages: morphology and terminology. Cardiovasc Pathol. 47:107205, 2020
- Kiran VS et al: The spectrum of cardiac anomalies associated with heterotaxy: a single-center study of a large series based on computed tomography. Pediatr Cardiol. 41(7):1414-24, 2020
- Ugas Charcape CF et al: Characterisation of computed tomography angiography findings in paediatric patients with heterotaxy. Pediatr Radiol. 49(9):1142-51, 2019
- Yim D et al: Disharmonious patterns of heterotaxy and isomerism: how often are the classic patterns breached? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 11(2):e006917, 2018
- Lapierre C et al: Cardiac CT and MRI of cardiac malformations: how to interpret them? Diagn Interv Imaging. 97(5):519-30, 2016
- Loomba RS et al: Determining bronchial morphology for the purposes of segregating so-called heterotaxy. Cardiol Young. 26(4):725-37, 2016
- Loomba RS et al: Isomerism or heterotaxy: which term leads to better understanding? Cardiol Young. 25(6):1037-43, 2015
- Schallert EK et al: Describing congenital heart disease by using three-part segmental notation. Radiographics. 33(2):E33-46, 2013
- Kim SJ: Heterotaxy syndrome. Korean Circ J. 41(5):227-32, 2011
- Lapierre C et al: Segmental approach to imaging of congenital heart disease. Radiographics. 30(2):397-411, 2010
- Maldjian PD et al: Approach to dextrocardia in adults: review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(6 Suppl):S39-49; quiz S35-8, 2007
- Garg N et al: Dextrocardia: an analysis of cardiac structures in 125 patients. Int J Cardiol. 88(2-3):143-55; discussion 55-6, 2003
- Fulcher AS et al: Abdominal manifestations of situs anomalies in adults. Radiographics. 22(6):1439-56, 2002
- Applegate KE et al: Situs revisited: imaging of the heterotaxy syndrome. Radiographics. 19(4):837-52; discussion 53-4, 1999
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Isomerism of atrial appendages
- Situs ambiguus (term discouraged; known anatomic location)
Definitions
- Situs
- Position of cardiac atria and viscera relative to midline
- Independent of cardiac apex position
- Situs solitus
- Normal position of cardiac atria and viscera
- Situs inversus
- Mirror image of normal position
- Isomerism
- Equal parts (bilateral left- or right-sidedness)
- Heterotaxy
- Abnormal arrangement of thoraco-abdominal organs across left-right axis
- Cardiac position
- Refers to global location of heart in chest
- Left (levoposition), midline (mesoposition), right (dextroposition)
- Levocardia and dextrocardia: Location of cardiac apex
- Levoversion: Situs inversus with levocardia
- Dextroversion: Situs solitus with dextrocardia
- Situs
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Frescura C et al: Isomerism of the atrial appendages: morphology and terminology. Cardiovasc Pathol. 47:107205, 2020
- Kiran VS et al: The spectrum of cardiac anomalies associated with heterotaxy: a single-center study of a large series based on computed tomography. Pediatr Cardiol. 41(7):1414-24, 2020
- Ugas Charcape CF et al: Characterisation of computed tomography angiography findings in paediatric patients with heterotaxy. Pediatr Radiol. 49(9):1142-51, 2019
- Yim D et al: Disharmonious patterns of heterotaxy and isomerism: how often are the classic patterns breached? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 11(2):e006917, 2018
- Lapierre C et al: Cardiac CT and MRI of cardiac malformations: how to interpret them? Diagn Interv Imaging. 97(5):519-30, 2016
- Loomba RS et al: Determining bronchial morphology for the purposes of segregating so-called heterotaxy. Cardiol Young. 26(4):725-37, 2016
- Loomba RS et al: Isomerism or heterotaxy: which term leads to better understanding? Cardiol Young. 25(6):1037-43, 2015
- Schallert EK et al: Describing congenital heart disease by using three-part segmental notation. Radiographics. 33(2):E33-46, 2013
- Kim SJ: Heterotaxy syndrome. Korean Circ J. 41(5):227-32, 2011
- Lapierre C et al: Segmental approach to imaging of congenital heart disease. Radiographics. 30(2):397-411, 2010
- Maldjian PD et al: Approach to dextrocardia in adults: review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(6 Suppl):S39-49; quiz S35-8, 2007
- Garg N et al: Dextrocardia: an analysis of cardiac structures in 125 patients. Int J Cardiol. 88(2-3):143-55; discussion 55-6, 2003
- Fulcher AS et al: Abdominal manifestations of situs anomalies in adults. Radiographics. 22(6):1439-56, 2002
- Applegate KE et al: Situs revisited: imaging of the heterotaxy syndrome. Radiographics. 19(4):837-52; discussion 53-4, 1999
