Abnormally located GM due to foreshortened or prolonged migration of neuronal groups
Occurs anywhere from periventricular germinal zone (GZ) to pia
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Cossu M et al: RF-ablation in periventricular heterotopia-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 142:121-5, 2018
Yang E et al: A practical approach to supratentorial brain malformations: what radiologists should know. Radiol Clin North Am. 55(4):609-27, 2017
Hung PC et al: Clinical and neuroimaging findings in children with gray matter heterotopias: a single institution experience of 36 patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 20(5):732-7, 2016
Nagaraj UD et al: Evaluation of subependymal gray matter heterotopias on fetal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(4):720-5, 2016
Watrin F et al: Causes and consequences of gray matter heterotopia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 21(2):112-22, 2015
Lega B et al: Hemispheric malformations of cortical development: surgical indications and approach. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(11):1831-7, 2014
Bahi-Buisson N et al: New insights into genotype-phenotype correlations for the doublecortin-related lissencephaly spectrum. Brain. 136(Pt 1):223-44, 2013
Conti V et al: Periventricular heterotopia in 6q terminal deletion syndrome: role of the C6orf70 gene. Brain. 136(Pt 11):3378-94, 2013
Barkovich AJ et al: A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain. 135(Pt 5):1348-69, 2012
Christodoulou JA et al: Abnormal structural and functional brain connectivity in gray matter heterotopia. Epilepsia. 53(6):1024-32, 2012
Raybaud C et al: Development and dysgenesis of the cerebral cortex: malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(3):483-543, vii, 2011
Guerrini R et al: Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options. Trends Neurosci. 31(3):154-62, 2008
Widjaja E et al: Evaluation of subcortical white matter and deep white matter tracts in malformations of cortical development. Epilepsia. 48(8):1460-9, 2007
Eriksson SH et al: Exploring white matter tracts in band heterotopia using diffusion tractography. Ann Neurol. 52(3):327-34, 2002
Barkovich AJ et al: Gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 55(11):1603-8, 2000
Barkovich AJ: Morphologic characteristics of subcortical heterotopia: MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(2):290-5, 2000
Gressens P: Mechanisms and disturbances of neuronal migration. Pediatr Res. 48(6):725-30, 2000
Hannan AJ et al: Characterization of nodular neuronal heterotopia in children. Brain. 122 ( Pt 2):219-38, 1999
Morioka T et al: Functional imaging in periventricular nodular heterotopia with the use of FDG-PET and HMPAO-SPECT. Neurosurg Rev. 22(1):41-4, 1999
Marsh L et al: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 47(6):1571-4, 1996
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Gray matter (GM) heterotopia (HTP)
Double cortex ~ band HTP
Definitions
Abnormally located GM due to foreshortened or prolonged migration of neuronal groups
Occurs anywhere from periventricular germinal zone (GZ) to pia
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Cossu M et al: RF-ablation in periventricular heterotopia-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 142:121-5, 2018
Yang E et al: A practical approach to supratentorial brain malformations: what radiologists should know. Radiol Clin North Am. 55(4):609-27, 2017
Hung PC et al: Clinical and neuroimaging findings in children with gray matter heterotopias: a single institution experience of 36 patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 20(5):732-7, 2016
Nagaraj UD et al: Evaluation of subependymal gray matter heterotopias on fetal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(4):720-5, 2016
Watrin F et al: Causes and consequences of gray matter heterotopia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 21(2):112-22, 2015
Lega B et al: Hemispheric malformations of cortical development: surgical indications and approach. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(11):1831-7, 2014
Bahi-Buisson N et al: New insights into genotype-phenotype correlations for the doublecortin-related lissencephaly spectrum. Brain. 136(Pt 1):223-44, 2013
Conti V et al: Periventricular heterotopia in 6q terminal deletion syndrome: role of the C6orf70 gene. Brain. 136(Pt 11):3378-94, 2013
Barkovich AJ et al: A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain. 135(Pt 5):1348-69, 2012
Christodoulou JA et al: Abnormal structural and functional brain connectivity in gray matter heterotopia. Epilepsia. 53(6):1024-32, 2012
Raybaud C et al: Development and dysgenesis of the cerebral cortex: malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(3):483-543, vii, 2011
Guerrini R et al: Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options. Trends Neurosci. 31(3):154-62, 2008
Widjaja E et al: Evaluation of subcortical white matter and deep white matter tracts in malformations of cortical development. Epilepsia. 48(8):1460-9, 2007
Eriksson SH et al: Exploring white matter tracts in band heterotopia using diffusion tractography. Ann Neurol. 52(3):327-34, 2002
Barkovich AJ et al: Gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 55(11):1603-8, 2000
Barkovich AJ: Morphologic characteristics of subcortical heterotopia: MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(2):290-5, 2000
Gressens P: Mechanisms and disturbances of neuronal migration. Pediatr Res. 48(6):725-30, 2000
Hannan AJ et al: Characterization of nodular neuronal heterotopia in children. Brain. 122 ( Pt 2):219-38, 1999
Morioka T et al: Functional imaging in periventricular nodular heterotopia with the use of FDG-PET and HMPAO-SPECT. Neurosurg Rev. 22(1):41-4, 1999
Marsh L et al: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 47(6):1571-4, 1996
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