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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Gray matter (GM) heterotopia (HTP)
- Double cortex ~ band HTP
Definitions
- Abnormally located GM due to foreshortened or prolonged migration of neuronal groups
- Occurs anywhere from periventricular germinal zone (GZ) to pia
- Abnormally located GM due to foreshortened or prolonged migration of neuronal groups
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Cossu M et al: RF-ablation in periventricular heterotopia-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 142:121-5, 2018
- Yang E et al: A practical approach to supratentorial brain malformations: what radiologists should know. Radiol Clin North Am. 55(4):609-27, 2017
- Hung PC et al: Clinical and neuroimaging findings in children with gray matter heterotopias: a single institution experience of 36 patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 20(5):732-7, 2016
- Nagaraj UD et al: Evaluation of subependymal gray matter heterotopias on fetal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(4):720-5, 2016
- Watrin F et al: Causes and consequences of gray matter heterotopia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 21(2):112-22, 2015
- Lega B et al: Hemispheric malformations of cortical development: surgical indications and approach. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(11):1831-7, 2014
- Bahi-Buisson N et al: New insights into genotype-phenotype correlations for the doublecortin-related lissencephaly spectrum. Brain. 136(Pt 1):223-44, 2013
- Conti V et al: Periventricular heterotopia in 6q terminal deletion syndrome: role of the C6orf70 gene. Brain. 136(Pt 11):3378-94, 2013
- Barkovich AJ et al: A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain. 135(Pt 5):1348-69, 2012
- Christodoulou JA et al: Abnormal structural and functional brain connectivity in gray matter heterotopia. Epilepsia. 53(6):1024-32, 2012
- Raybaud C et al: Development and dysgenesis of the cerebral cortex: malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(3):483-543, vii, 2011
- Guerrini R et al: Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options. Trends Neurosci. 31(3):154-62, 2008
- Widjaja E et al: Evaluation of subcortical white matter and deep white matter tracts in malformations of cortical development. Epilepsia. 48(8):1460-9, 2007
- Eriksson SH et al: Exploring white matter tracts in band heterotopia using diffusion tractography. Ann Neurol. 52(3):327-34, 2002
- Barkovich AJ et al: Gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 55(11):1603-8, 2000
- Barkovich AJ: Morphologic characteristics of subcortical heterotopia: MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(2):290-5, 2000
- Gressens P: Mechanisms and disturbances of neuronal migration. Pediatr Res. 48(6):725-30, 2000
- Hannan AJ et al: Characterization of nodular neuronal heterotopia in children. Brain. 122 ( Pt 2):219-38, 1999
- Morioka T et al: Functional imaging in periventricular nodular heterotopia with the use of FDG-PET and HMPAO-SPECT. Neurosurg Rev. 22(1):41-4, 1999
- Marsh L et al: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 47(6):1571-4, 1996
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Gray matter (GM) heterotopia (HTP)
- Double cortex ~ band HTP
Definitions
- Abnormally located GM due to foreshortened or prolonged migration of neuronal groups
- Occurs anywhere from periventricular germinal zone (GZ) to pia
- Abnormally located GM due to foreshortened or prolonged migration of neuronal groups
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Cossu M et al: RF-ablation in periventricular heterotopia-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 142:121-5, 2018
- Yang E et al: A practical approach to supratentorial brain malformations: what radiologists should know. Radiol Clin North Am. 55(4):609-27, 2017
- Hung PC et al: Clinical and neuroimaging findings in children with gray matter heterotopias: a single institution experience of 36 patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 20(5):732-7, 2016
- Nagaraj UD et al: Evaluation of subependymal gray matter heterotopias on fetal MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(4):720-5, 2016
- Watrin F et al: Causes and consequences of gray matter heterotopia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 21(2):112-22, 2015
- Lega B et al: Hemispheric malformations of cortical development: surgical indications and approach. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(11):1831-7, 2014
- Bahi-Buisson N et al: New insights into genotype-phenotype correlations for the doublecortin-related lissencephaly spectrum. Brain. 136(Pt 1):223-44, 2013
- Conti V et al: Periventricular heterotopia in 6q terminal deletion syndrome: role of the C6orf70 gene. Brain. 136(Pt 11):3378-94, 2013
- Barkovich AJ et al: A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain. 135(Pt 5):1348-69, 2012
- Christodoulou JA et al: Abnormal structural and functional brain connectivity in gray matter heterotopia. Epilepsia. 53(6):1024-32, 2012
- Raybaud C et al: Development and dysgenesis of the cerebral cortex: malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(3):483-543, vii, 2011
- Guerrini R et al: Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options. Trends Neurosci. 31(3):154-62, 2008
- Widjaja E et al: Evaluation of subcortical white matter and deep white matter tracts in malformations of cortical development. Epilepsia. 48(8):1460-9, 2007
- Eriksson SH et al: Exploring white matter tracts in band heterotopia using diffusion tractography. Ann Neurol. 52(3):327-34, 2002
- Barkovich AJ et al: Gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 55(11):1603-8, 2000
- Barkovich AJ: Morphologic characteristics of subcortical heterotopia: MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(2):290-5, 2000
- Gressens P: Mechanisms and disturbances of neuronal migration. Pediatr Res. 48(6):725-30, 2000
- Hannan AJ et al: Characterization of nodular neuronal heterotopia in children. Brain. 122 ( Pt 2):219-38, 1999
- Morioka T et al: Functional imaging in periventricular nodular heterotopia with the use of FDG-PET and HMPAO-SPECT. Neurosurg Rev. 22(1):41-4, 1999
- Marsh L et al: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a gray matter heterotopia. Neurology. 47(6):1571-4, 1996
