Protrusion of part of stomach through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Kim J et al: Hiatal hernia prevalence and natural history on non-contrast CT in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 8(1), 2021
Bader AS et al: Imaging in the evaluation of chest pain in the primary care setting, part 2: sources of noncardiac chest pain. Am J Med. 133(10):1135-42, 2020
Moten AS et al: In vivo measurement of esophageal hiatus surface area using MDCT: description of the methodology and clinical validation. Abdom Radiol (NY). 45(9):2656-62, 2020
Bell R et al: Laparoscopic magnetic sphincter augmentation versus double-dose proton pump inhibitors for management of moderate-to-severe regurgitation in GERD: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 89(1):14-22.e1, 2019
Siegal SR et al: Modern diagnosis and treatment of hiatal hernias. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 402(8):1145-51, 2017
D'Netto TJ et al: A technique for the laparoscopic repair of paraoesophageal hernia without mesh. J Gastrointest Surg. 18(4):851-7; discussion 857, 2014
Sheikh I et al: Consumer use of over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 109(6):789-94, 2014
Dean C et al: Hiatal hernias. Surg Radiol Anat. 34(4):291-9, 2012
Nason KS et al: The laparoscopic approach to paraesophageal hernia repair. J Gastrointest Surg. 16(2):417-26, 2012
Belhocine K et al: Epidemiology of the complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis. 27(1):7-13, 2009
Larusson HJ et al: Predictive factors for morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: age, ASA score and operation type influence morbidity. World J Surg. 33(5):980-5, 2009
Yano F et al: Outcomes of surgical treatment of intrathoracic stomach. Dis Esophagus. 22(3):284-8, 2009
Granderath FA et al: Laparoscopic revisional fundoplication with circular hiatal mesh prosthesis: the long-term results. World J Surg. 32(6):999-1007, 2008
Linke GR et al: Is a barium swallow complementary to endoscopy essential in the preoperative assessment of laparoscopic antireflux and hiatal hernia surgery? Surg Endosc. 22(1):96-100, 2008
Wykypiel H et al: Laparoscopic partial posterior (Toupet) fundoplication improves esophageal bolus propagation on scintigraphy. Surg Endosc. 22(8):1845-51, 2008
Huang SY et al: Large hiatal hernia with floppy fundus: clinical and radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(4):960-4, 2007
Rantanen TK et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease as a cause of death is increasing: analysis of fatal cases after medical and surgical treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 102(2):246-53, 2007
Zaninotto G et al: Long-term results (6-10 years) of laparoscopic fundoplication. J Gastrointest Surg. 11(9):1138-45, 2007
Canon CL et al: Surgical approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics. 25(6):1485-99, 2005
Insko EK et al: Benign and malignant lesions of the stomach: evaluation of CT criteria for differentiation. Radiology. 228(1):166-71, 2003
Pierre AF et al: Results of laparoscopic repair of giant paraesophageal hernias: 200 consecutive patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 74(6):1909-15; discussion 1915-6, 2002
Patti MG et al: Preoperative evaluation of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 11(6):327-31, 2001
Katkhouda N et al: Laparoscopic repair of chronic intrathoracic gastric volvulus. Surgery. 128(5):784-90, 2000
Luketich JD et al: Laparoscopic repair of giant paraesophageal hernia: 100 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 232(4):608-18, 2000
Schauer PR et al: Comparison of laparoscopic versus open repair of paraesophageal hernia. Am J Surg. 176(6):659-65, 1998
Maglinte DD et al: Radiologic features of carcinomas arising in hiatal hernias. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(4):789-94, 1996
Weston AP: Hiatal hernia with cameron ulcers and erosions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 6(4):671-9, 1996
Vas W et al: Computed tomographic evaluation of paraesophageal hernia. Gastrointest Radiol. 14(4):291-4, 1989
Chen YM et al: Multiphasic examination of the esophagogastric region for strictures, rings, and hiatal hernia: evaluation of the individual techniques. Gastrointest Radiol. 10(4):311-6, 1985
Pupols A et al: Hiatal hernia causing a cardia pseudomass on computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 8(4):699-700, 1984
Cassel DM et al: Hiatus hernia causing CT gastric mass lesions. Comput Radiol. 7(3):177-9, 1983
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hiatal hernia (HH)
Definitions
Protrusion of part of stomach through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Kim J et al: Hiatal hernia prevalence and natural history on non-contrast CT in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 8(1), 2021
Bader AS et al: Imaging in the evaluation of chest pain in the primary care setting, part 2: sources of noncardiac chest pain. Am J Med. 133(10):1135-42, 2020
Moten AS et al: In vivo measurement of esophageal hiatus surface area using MDCT: description of the methodology and clinical validation. Abdom Radiol (NY). 45(9):2656-62, 2020
Bell R et al: Laparoscopic magnetic sphincter augmentation versus double-dose proton pump inhibitors for management of moderate-to-severe regurgitation in GERD: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 89(1):14-22.e1, 2019
Siegal SR et al: Modern diagnosis and treatment of hiatal hernias. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 402(8):1145-51, 2017
D'Netto TJ et al: A technique for the laparoscopic repair of paraoesophageal hernia without mesh. J Gastrointest Surg. 18(4):851-7; discussion 857, 2014
Sheikh I et al: Consumer use of over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 109(6):789-94, 2014
Dean C et al: Hiatal hernias. Surg Radiol Anat. 34(4):291-9, 2012
Nason KS et al: The laparoscopic approach to paraesophageal hernia repair. J Gastrointest Surg. 16(2):417-26, 2012
Belhocine K et al: Epidemiology of the complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis. 27(1):7-13, 2009
Larusson HJ et al: Predictive factors for morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: age, ASA score and operation type influence morbidity. World J Surg. 33(5):980-5, 2009
Yano F et al: Outcomes of surgical treatment of intrathoracic stomach. Dis Esophagus. 22(3):284-8, 2009
Granderath FA et al: Laparoscopic revisional fundoplication with circular hiatal mesh prosthesis: the long-term results. World J Surg. 32(6):999-1007, 2008
Linke GR et al: Is a barium swallow complementary to endoscopy essential in the preoperative assessment of laparoscopic antireflux and hiatal hernia surgery? Surg Endosc. 22(1):96-100, 2008
Wykypiel H et al: Laparoscopic partial posterior (Toupet) fundoplication improves esophageal bolus propagation on scintigraphy. Surg Endosc. 22(8):1845-51, 2008
Huang SY et al: Large hiatal hernia with floppy fundus: clinical and radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(4):960-4, 2007
Rantanen TK et al: Gastroesophageal reflux disease as a cause of death is increasing: analysis of fatal cases after medical and surgical treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 102(2):246-53, 2007
Zaninotto G et al: Long-term results (6-10 years) of laparoscopic fundoplication. J Gastrointest Surg. 11(9):1138-45, 2007
Canon CL et al: Surgical approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics. 25(6):1485-99, 2005
Insko EK et al: Benign and malignant lesions of the stomach: evaluation of CT criteria for differentiation. Radiology. 228(1):166-71, 2003
Pierre AF et al: Results of laparoscopic repair of giant paraesophageal hernias: 200 consecutive patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 74(6):1909-15; discussion 1915-6, 2002
Patti MG et al: Preoperative evaluation of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 11(6):327-31, 2001
Katkhouda N et al: Laparoscopic repair of chronic intrathoracic gastric volvulus. Surgery. 128(5):784-90, 2000
Luketich JD et al: Laparoscopic repair of giant paraesophageal hernia: 100 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 232(4):608-18, 2000
Schauer PR et al: Comparison of laparoscopic versus open repair of paraesophageal hernia. Am J Surg. 176(6):659-65, 1998
Maglinte DD et al: Radiologic features of carcinomas arising in hiatal hernias. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(4):789-94, 1996
Weston AP: Hiatal hernia with cameron ulcers and erosions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 6(4):671-9, 1996
Vas W et al: Computed tomographic evaluation of paraesophageal hernia. Gastrointest Radiol. 14(4):291-4, 1989
Chen YM et al: Multiphasic examination of the esophagogastric region for strictures, rings, and hiatal hernia: evaluation of the individual techniques. Gastrointest Radiol. 10(4):311-6, 1985
Pupols A et al: Hiatal hernia causing a cardia pseudomass on computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 8(4):699-700, 1984
Cassel DM et al: Hiatus hernia causing CT gastric mass lesions. Comput Radiol. 7(3):177-9, 1983
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