AIDS or HIV → myelopathy or myelitis, vacuolar myelopathy (VM)
Definitions
Myelopathy resulting from primary HIV infection
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Levin SN et al: HIV and spinal cord disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 152:213-27, 2018
Tali ET et al: Pyogenic spinal infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 25(2):193-208, 2015
Andrade P et al: Transverse myelitis and acute HIV infection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 14:149, 2014
Candy S et al: Acute myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome in HIV-positive adults in a tuberculosis endemic setting: MRI, clinical, and pathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(8):1634-41, 2014
Delgado SR et al: CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection. Case report and literature review. J Neurovirol. 20(5):531-7, 2014
Moulignier A et al: CD8 transverse myelitis in a patient with HIV-1 infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2014, 2014
Román GC: Tropical myelopathies. Handb Clin Neurol. 121:1521-48, 2014
Hamada Y et al: Primary HIV infection with acute transverse myelitis. Intern Med. 50(15):1615-7, 2011
Lyons J et al: Atypical nervous system manifestations of HIV. Semin Neurol. 31(3):254-65, 2011
Brunel AS et al: HIV-related immune reconstitution cryptococcal meningoradiculitis: corticosteroid response. Neurology. 2009 Nov 17;73(20):1705-7. Erratum in: Neurology. 74(3):271, 2010
Tahir M et al: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome manifesting as disseminated tuberculosis, deep venous thrombosis, encephalopathy and myelopathy. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 50(4):363-4, 2008
Anneken K et al: Recurrent vacuolar myelopathy in HIV infection. J Infect. 52(6):e181-3, 2006
Everall IP et al: The shifting patterns of HIV encephalitis neuropathology. Neurotox Res. 8(1-2):51-61, 2005
Portegies P et al: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neurological complications of HIV infection. Eur J Neurol. 11(5):297-304, 2004
Aboulafia DM et al: Vacuolar myelopathy and vacuolar cerebellar leukoencephalopathy: a late complication of AIDS after highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 16(12):579-84, 2002
Chong J et al: MR findings in AIDS-associated myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(8):1412-6, 1999
Di Rocco A: Diseases of the spinal cord in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Neurol. 19(2):151-5, 1999
Quencer RM: AIDS-associated myelopathy: clinical severity, MR findings, and underlying etiologies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(8):1387-8, 1999
Weiser B et al: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in the central nervous system correlates directly with extent of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87(10):3997-4001, 1990
Eilbott DJ et al: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with myelopathy: expression and replication in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86(9):3337-41, 1989
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TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
AIDS or HIV → myelopathy or myelitis, vacuolar myelopathy (VM)
Definitions
Myelopathy resulting from primary HIV infection
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Levin SN et al: HIV and spinal cord disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 152:213-27, 2018
Tali ET et al: Pyogenic spinal infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 25(2):193-208, 2015
Andrade P et al: Transverse myelitis and acute HIV infection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 14:149, 2014
Candy S et al: Acute myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome in HIV-positive adults in a tuberculosis endemic setting: MRI, clinical, and pathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(8):1634-41, 2014
Delgado SR et al: CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection. Case report and literature review. J Neurovirol. 20(5):531-7, 2014
Moulignier A et al: CD8 transverse myelitis in a patient with HIV-1 infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2014, 2014
Román GC: Tropical myelopathies. Handb Clin Neurol. 121:1521-48, 2014
Hamada Y et al: Primary HIV infection with acute transverse myelitis. Intern Med. 50(15):1615-7, 2011
Lyons J et al: Atypical nervous system manifestations of HIV. Semin Neurol. 31(3):254-65, 2011
Brunel AS et al: HIV-related immune reconstitution cryptococcal meningoradiculitis: corticosteroid response. Neurology. 2009 Nov 17;73(20):1705-7. Erratum in: Neurology. 74(3):271, 2010
Tahir M et al: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome manifesting as disseminated tuberculosis, deep venous thrombosis, encephalopathy and myelopathy. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 50(4):363-4, 2008
Anneken K et al: Recurrent vacuolar myelopathy in HIV infection. J Infect. 52(6):e181-3, 2006
Everall IP et al: The shifting patterns of HIV encephalitis neuropathology. Neurotox Res. 8(1-2):51-61, 2005
Portegies P et al: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neurological complications of HIV infection. Eur J Neurol. 11(5):297-304, 2004
Aboulafia DM et al: Vacuolar myelopathy and vacuolar cerebellar leukoencephalopathy: a late complication of AIDS after highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 16(12):579-84, 2002
Chong J et al: MR findings in AIDS-associated myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(8):1412-6, 1999
Di Rocco A: Diseases of the spinal cord in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Neurol. 19(2):151-5, 1999
Quencer RM: AIDS-associated myelopathy: clinical severity, MR findings, and underlying etiologies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(8):1387-8, 1999
Weiser B et al: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in the central nervous system correlates directly with extent of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87(10):3997-4001, 1990
Eilbott DJ et al: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with myelopathy: expression and replication in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86(9):3337-41, 1989
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