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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Use of exogenous hormones to offset ↓ levels of estrogen &/or progesterone in postmenopausal women or after bilateral oophorectomy
Combination HRT: Estrogen (E) and progestin (P); may be sequential E+P (E daily with P added for 10-14 days every 4 weeks) or continuous E+P (E+P daily)
Gender reassignment transwomen (male to female): Antiandrogens plus estrogen
IMAGING
General Features
Hormone Replacement Therapy
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Hormone Replacement Therapy
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Deli T et al: Hormone replacement therapy in cancer survivors - review of the literature. Pathol Oncol Res. ePub, 2019
Azam S et al: Hormone replacement therapy, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 29(6):495-505, 2018
Brooks JD et al: MRI background parenchymal enhancement, breast density and serum hormones in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer. 143(4):823-830, 2018
Chester RC et al: What the Women's Health Initiative has taught us about menopausal hormone therapy. Clin Cardiol. 41(2):247-52, 2018
de Blok CJM et al: Breast Development in Transwomen After 1 Year of Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 103(2):532-538, 2018
Heller SL et al: Hormonal Effects on Breast Density, Fibroglandular Tissue, and Background Parenchymal Enhancement. Radiographics. 38(4):983-996, 2018
Andersson TM et al: Mammographic Density Reduction as a Prognostic Marker for Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results Using a Joint Longitudinal-Survival Modeling Approach. Am J Epidemiol. 186(9):1065-1073, 2017
Byrne C et al: Mammographic density change with estrogen and progestin therapy and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 109(9), 2017
Manson JE et al: Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 318(10):927-938, 2017
Hodis HN et al: Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 374(13):1221-31, 2016
Zhu L et al: Effect of hormone therapy on the risk of bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 23(4):461-70, 2016
Hruska CB et al: Background parenchymal uptake during molecular breast imaging and associated clinical factors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(3):W363-70, 2015
Harman SM et al: Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 161(4):249-60, 2014
Fahlén M et al: Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: 10 year follow up of the Stockholm randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 49(1):52-9, 2013
Manson JE et al: Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 310(13):1353-68, 2013
King V et al: Impact of menopausal status on background parenchymal enhancement and fibroglandular tissue on breast MRI. Eur Radiol. 22(12):2641-7, 2012
King V et al: Background parenchymal enhancement at breast MR imaging and breast cancer risk. Radiology. 260(1):50-60, 2011
Chlebowski RT et al: Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 304(15):1684-92, 2010
Kerlikowske K et al: Breast cancer risk by breast density, menopause, and postmenopausal hormone therapy use. J Clin Oncol. 28(24):3830-7, 2010
Untch M et al: Clinical practice decisions in endocrine therapy. Cancer Invest. 28 Suppl 1:4-13, 2010
Chlebowski RT et al: Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 360(6):573-87, 2009
Holmberg L et al: Increased risk of recurrence after hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 100(7):475-82, 2008
Aiello EJ et al: Do breast cancer risk factors modify the association between hormone therapy and mammographic breast density? (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 17(10):1227-35, 2006
Palomares MR et al: Mammographic density correlation with Gail model breast cancer risk estimates and component risk factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15(7):1324-30, 2006
Topal NB et al: Effects of hormone replacement therapy regimens on mammographic breast density: the role of progestins. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 32(3):305-8, 2006
Delille JP et al: Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: breast tissue perfusion determined with MR imaging--initial observations. Radiology. 235(1):36-41, 2005
Anderson GL et al: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 291(14):1701-12, 2004
Pfleiderer SO et al: Changes in magnetic resonance mammography due to hormone replacement therapy. Breast Cancer Res. 6(3):R232-8, 2004
Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators: Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 362(9382):419-27, 2003
Carney PA et al: Individual and combined effects of age, breast density, and hormone replacement therapy use on the accuracy of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 138(3):168-75, 2003
Rossouw JE et al: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 288(3):321-33, 2002
Colacurci N et al: Effects of a short-term suspension of hormone replacement therapy on mammographic density. Fertil Steril. 76(3):451-5, 2001
Colacurci N et al: Effects of different types of hormone replacement therapy on mammographic density. Maturitas. 40(2):159-64, 2001
Erel CT et al: Mammographic density increase in women receiving different hormone replacement regimens. Maturitas. 40(2):151-7, 2001
Rutter CM et al: Changes in breast density associated with initiation, discontinuation, and continuing use of hormone replacement therapy. JAMA. 285(2):171-6, 2001
Sendağ F et al: Mammographic density changes during different postmenopausal hormone replacement therapies. Fertil Steril. 76(3):445-50, 2001
Kavanagh AM et al: Hormone replacement therapy and accuracy of mammographic screening. Lancet. 355(9200):270-4, 2000
Schairer C et al: Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 283(4):485-91, 2000
Lundström E et al: Mammographic breast density during hormone replacement therapy: differences according to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):348-52, 1999
Harvey JA et al: Short-term cessation of hormone replacement therapy and improvement of mammographic specificity. J Natl Cancer Inst. 89(21):1623-5, 1997
Marugg RC et al: Mammographic changes in postmenopausal women on hormonal replacement therapy. Eur Radiol. 7(5):749-55, 1997
Persson I et al: Effect of estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement regimens on mammographic breast parenchymal density. J Clin Oncol. 15(10):3201-7, 1997
Thurfjell EL et al: Screening mammography: sensitivity and specificity in relation to hormone replacement therapy. Radiology. 203(2):339-41, 1997
Cyrlak D et al: Mammographic changes in postmenopausal women undergoing hormonal replacement therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(6):1177-83, 1993
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Use of exogenous hormones to offset ↓ levels of estrogen &/or progesterone in postmenopausal women or after bilateral oophorectomy
Combination HRT: Estrogen (E) and progestin (P); may be sequential E+P (E daily with P added for 10-14 days every 4 weeks) or continuous E+P (E+P daily)
Gender reassignment transwomen (male to female): Antiandrogens plus estrogen
IMAGING
General Features
Hormone Replacement Therapy
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Hormone Replacement Therapy
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Deli T et al: Hormone replacement therapy in cancer survivors - review of the literature. Pathol Oncol Res. ePub, 2019
Azam S et al: Hormone replacement therapy, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 29(6):495-505, 2018
Brooks JD et al: MRI background parenchymal enhancement, breast density and serum hormones in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer. 143(4):823-830, 2018
Chester RC et al: What the Women's Health Initiative has taught us about menopausal hormone therapy. Clin Cardiol. 41(2):247-52, 2018
de Blok CJM et al: Breast Development in Transwomen After 1 Year of Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 103(2):532-538, 2018
Heller SL et al: Hormonal Effects on Breast Density, Fibroglandular Tissue, and Background Parenchymal Enhancement. Radiographics. 38(4):983-996, 2018
Andersson TM et al: Mammographic Density Reduction as a Prognostic Marker for Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Results Using a Joint Longitudinal-Survival Modeling Approach. Am J Epidemiol. 186(9):1065-1073, 2017
Byrne C et al: Mammographic density change with estrogen and progestin therapy and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 109(9), 2017
Manson JE et al: Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 318(10):927-938, 2017
Hodis HN et al: Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 374(13):1221-31, 2016
Zhu L et al: Effect of hormone therapy on the risk of bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 23(4):461-70, 2016
Hruska CB et al: Background parenchymal uptake during molecular breast imaging and associated clinical factors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(3):W363-70, 2015
Harman SM et al: Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 161(4):249-60, 2014
Fahlén M et al: Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: 10 year follow up of the Stockholm randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 49(1):52-9, 2013
Manson JE et al: Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 310(13):1353-68, 2013
King V et al: Impact of menopausal status on background parenchymal enhancement and fibroglandular tissue on breast MRI. Eur Radiol. 22(12):2641-7, 2012
King V et al: Background parenchymal enhancement at breast MR imaging and breast cancer risk. Radiology. 260(1):50-60, 2011
Chlebowski RT et al: Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 304(15):1684-92, 2010
Kerlikowske K et al: Breast cancer risk by breast density, menopause, and postmenopausal hormone therapy use. J Clin Oncol. 28(24):3830-7, 2010
Untch M et al: Clinical practice decisions in endocrine therapy. Cancer Invest. 28 Suppl 1:4-13, 2010
Chlebowski RT et al: Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 360(6):573-87, 2009
Holmberg L et al: Increased risk of recurrence after hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 100(7):475-82, 2008
Aiello EJ et al: Do breast cancer risk factors modify the association between hormone therapy and mammographic breast density? (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 17(10):1227-35, 2006
Palomares MR et al: Mammographic density correlation with Gail model breast cancer risk estimates and component risk factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15(7):1324-30, 2006
Topal NB et al: Effects of hormone replacement therapy regimens on mammographic breast density: the role of progestins. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 32(3):305-8, 2006
Delille JP et al: Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: breast tissue perfusion determined with MR imaging--initial observations. Radiology. 235(1):36-41, 2005
Anderson GL et al: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 291(14):1701-12, 2004
Pfleiderer SO et al: Changes in magnetic resonance mammography due to hormone replacement therapy. Breast Cancer Res. 6(3):R232-8, 2004
Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators: Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 362(9382):419-27, 2003
Carney PA et al: Individual and combined effects of age, breast density, and hormone replacement therapy use on the accuracy of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 138(3):168-75, 2003
Rossouw JE et al: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 288(3):321-33, 2002
Colacurci N et al: Effects of a short-term suspension of hormone replacement therapy on mammographic density. Fertil Steril. 76(3):451-5, 2001
Colacurci N et al: Effects of different types of hormone replacement therapy on mammographic density. Maturitas. 40(2):159-64, 2001
Erel CT et al: Mammographic density increase in women receiving different hormone replacement regimens. Maturitas. 40(2):151-7, 2001
Rutter CM et al: Changes in breast density associated with initiation, discontinuation, and continuing use of hormone replacement therapy. JAMA. 285(2):171-6, 2001
Sendağ F et al: Mammographic density changes during different postmenopausal hormone replacement therapies. Fertil Steril. 76(3):445-50, 2001
Kavanagh AM et al: Hormone replacement therapy and accuracy of mammographic screening. Lancet. 355(9200):270-4, 2000
Schairer C et al: Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 283(4):485-91, 2000
Lundström E et al: Mammographic breast density during hormone replacement therapy: differences according to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):348-52, 1999
Harvey JA et al: Short-term cessation of hormone replacement therapy and improvement of mammographic specificity. J Natl Cancer Inst. 89(21):1623-5, 1997
Marugg RC et al: Mammographic changes in postmenopausal women on hormonal replacement therapy. Eur Radiol. 7(5):749-55, 1997
Persson I et al: Effect of estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement regimens on mammographic breast parenchymal density. J Clin Oncol. 15(10):3201-7, 1997
Thurfjell EL et al: Screening mammography: sensitivity and specificity in relation to hormone replacement therapy. Radiology. 203(2):339-41, 1997
Cyrlak D et al: Mammographic changes in postmenopausal women undergoing hormonal replacement therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(6):1177-83, 1993
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