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Horseshoe Kidney
Priyanka Jha, MBBS
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          • Diagnostic Checklist

            TERMINOLOGY

            • Definitions

              • Kidneys fused in horseshoe configuration
                • Isthmus is bridging tissue, typically between lower poles

            IMAGING

            • General Features

              • Ultrasonographic Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • Imaging Recommendations

                    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                      PATHOLOGY

                      • General Features

                        CLINICAL ISSUES

                        • Presentation

                          • Demographics

                            • Natural History & Prognosis

                              • Treatment

                                DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                  Selected References

                                  1. Sagi-Dain L et al: Isolated fetal horseshoe kidney does not seem to increase the risk for abnormal chromosomal microarray results. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 222:80-3, 2018
                                  2. Majmudar A et al: "Lying-down" adrenal sign: there are exceptions to the rule among fetuses and neonates. J Ultrasound Med. 36(12):2599-603, 2017
                                  3. Je BK et al: Incidence and spectrum of renal complications and extrarenal diseases and syndromes in 380 children and young adults with horseshoe kidney. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(6):1306-14, 2015
                                  4. Sakala MD et al: The horseshoe kidney. Abdom Imaging. 40(7):2910-1, 2015
                                  5. Schiappacasse G et al: CT findings of the main pathological conditions associated with horseshoe kidneys. Br J Radiol. 88(1045):20140456, 2015
                                  6. Yavuz S et al: Renal outcome of children with horseshoe kidney: a single-center experience. Urology. 85(2):463-6, 2015
                                  7. Natsis K et al: Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology. Surg Radiol Anat. 36(6):517-26, 2014
                                  8. Rodriguez MM: Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract (CAKUT). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 33(5-6):293-320, 2014
                                  9. Sierra Labarta CR et al: Vascular abnormalities in horseshoe kidney. Arch Esp Urol. 66(8):827, 2013
                                  10. Oh KY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of renal developmental anomalies associated with an empty renal fossa. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):233-40, 2010
                                  11. Glodny B et al: Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 103(2):224-35, 2009
                                  12. Barseghyan K et al: Complementary roles of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of fetal urinary tract anomalies. J Ultrasound Med. 27(11):1563-9, 2008
                                  13. Symons SJ et al: Urolithiasis in the horseshoe kidney: a single-centre experience. BJU Int. 102(11):1676-80, 2008
                                  14. Cassart M et al: Complementary role of MRI after sonography in assessing bilateral urinary tract anomalies in the fetus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(3):689-95, 2004
                                  15. Yuksel A et al: Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(6):525-32, 2004
                                  16. Strauss S et al: Sonographic features of horseshoe kidney: review of 34 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 19(1):27-31, 2000
                                  Related Anatomy
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                                  Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                  References
                                  Tables

                                  Tables

                                  KEY FACTS

                                  • Terminology

                                    • Imaging

                                      • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                        • Clinical Issues

                                          • Diagnostic Checklist

                                            TERMINOLOGY

                                            • Definitions

                                              • Kidneys fused in horseshoe configuration
                                                • Isthmus is bridging tissue, typically between lower poles

                                            IMAGING

                                            • General Features

                                              • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                • MR Findings

                                                  • Imaging Recommendations

                                                    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                      PATHOLOGY

                                                      • General Features

                                                        CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                        • Presentation

                                                          • Demographics

                                                            • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                              • Treatment

                                                                DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                  Selected References

                                                                  1. Sagi-Dain L et al: Isolated fetal horseshoe kidney does not seem to increase the risk for abnormal chromosomal microarray results. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 222:80-3, 2018
                                                                  2. Majmudar A et al: "Lying-down" adrenal sign: there are exceptions to the rule among fetuses and neonates. J Ultrasound Med. 36(12):2599-603, 2017
                                                                  3. Je BK et al: Incidence and spectrum of renal complications and extrarenal diseases and syndromes in 380 children and young adults with horseshoe kidney. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(6):1306-14, 2015
                                                                  4. Sakala MD et al: The horseshoe kidney. Abdom Imaging. 40(7):2910-1, 2015
                                                                  5. Schiappacasse G et al: CT findings of the main pathological conditions associated with horseshoe kidneys. Br J Radiol. 88(1045):20140456, 2015
                                                                  6. Yavuz S et al: Renal outcome of children with horseshoe kidney: a single-center experience. Urology. 85(2):463-6, 2015
                                                                  7. Natsis K et al: Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology. Surg Radiol Anat. 36(6):517-26, 2014
                                                                  8. Rodriguez MM: Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract (CAKUT). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 33(5-6):293-320, 2014
                                                                  9. Sierra Labarta CR et al: Vascular abnormalities in horseshoe kidney. Arch Esp Urol. 66(8):827, 2013
                                                                  10. Oh KY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of renal developmental anomalies associated with an empty renal fossa. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):233-40, 2010
                                                                  11. Glodny B et al: Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 103(2):224-35, 2009
                                                                  12. Barseghyan K et al: Complementary roles of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of fetal urinary tract anomalies. J Ultrasound Med. 27(11):1563-9, 2008
                                                                  13. Symons SJ et al: Urolithiasis in the horseshoe kidney: a single-centre experience. BJU Int. 102(11):1676-80, 2008
                                                                  14. Cassart M et al: Complementary role of MRI after sonography in assessing bilateral urinary tract anomalies in the fetus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(3):689-95, 2004
                                                                  15. Yuksel A et al: Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(6):525-32, 2004
                                                                  16. Strauss S et al: Sonographic features of horseshoe kidney: review of 34 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 19(1):27-31, 2000