Isthmus is bridging tissue, typically between lower poles
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Sagi-Dain L et al: Isolated fetal horseshoe kidney does not seem to increase the risk for abnormal chromosomal microarray results. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 222:80-3, 2018
Majmudar A et al: "Lying-down" adrenal sign: there are exceptions to the rule among fetuses and neonates. J Ultrasound Med. 36(12):2599-603, 2017
Je BK et al: Incidence and spectrum of renal complications and extrarenal diseases and syndromes in 380 children and young adults with horseshoe kidney. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(6):1306-14, 2015
Sakala MD et al: The horseshoe kidney. Abdom Imaging. 40(7):2910-1, 2015
Schiappacasse G et al: CT findings of the main pathological conditions associated with horseshoe kidneys. Br J Radiol. 88(1045):20140456, 2015
Yavuz S et al: Renal outcome of children with horseshoe kidney: a single-center experience. Urology. 85(2):463-6, 2015
Natsis K et al: Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology. Surg Radiol Anat. 36(6):517-26, 2014
Rodriguez MM: Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract (CAKUT). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 33(5-6):293-320, 2014
Sierra Labarta CR et al: Vascular abnormalities in horseshoe kidney. Arch Esp Urol. 66(8):827, 2013
Oh KY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of renal developmental anomalies associated with an empty renal fossa. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):233-40, 2010
Glodny B et al: Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 103(2):224-35, 2009
Barseghyan K et al: Complementary roles of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of fetal urinary tract anomalies. J Ultrasound Med. 27(11):1563-9, 2008
Symons SJ et al: Urolithiasis in the horseshoe kidney: a single-centre experience. BJU Int. 102(11):1676-80, 2008
Cassart M et al: Complementary role of MRI after sonography in assessing bilateral urinary tract anomalies in the fetus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(3):689-95, 2004
Yuksel A et al: Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(6):525-32, 2004
Strauss S et al: Sonographic features of horseshoe kidney: review of 34 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 19(1):27-31, 2000
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TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Kidneys fused in horseshoe configuration
Isthmus is bridging tissue, typically between lower poles
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Sagi-Dain L et al: Isolated fetal horseshoe kidney does not seem to increase the risk for abnormal chromosomal microarray results. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 222:80-3, 2018
Majmudar A et al: "Lying-down" adrenal sign: there are exceptions to the rule among fetuses and neonates. J Ultrasound Med. 36(12):2599-603, 2017
Je BK et al: Incidence and spectrum of renal complications and extrarenal diseases and syndromes in 380 children and young adults with horseshoe kidney. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(6):1306-14, 2015
Sakala MD et al: The horseshoe kidney. Abdom Imaging. 40(7):2910-1, 2015
Schiappacasse G et al: CT findings of the main pathological conditions associated with horseshoe kidneys. Br J Radiol. 88(1045):20140456, 2015
Yavuz S et al: Renal outcome of children with horseshoe kidney: a single-center experience. Urology. 85(2):463-6, 2015
Natsis K et al: Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology. Surg Radiol Anat. 36(6):517-26, 2014
Rodriguez MM: Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract (CAKUT). Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 33(5-6):293-320, 2014
Sierra Labarta CR et al: Vascular abnormalities in horseshoe kidney. Arch Esp Urol. 66(8):827, 2013
Oh KY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of renal developmental anomalies associated with an empty renal fossa. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):233-40, 2010
Glodny B et al: Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 103(2):224-35, 2009
Barseghyan K et al: Complementary roles of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of fetal urinary tract anomalies. J Ultrasound Med. 27(11):1563-9, 2008
Symons SJ et al: Urolithiasis in the horseshoe kidney: a single-centre experience. BJU Int. 102(11):1676-80, 2008
Cassart M et al: Complementary role of MRI after sonography in assessing bilateral urinary tract anomalies in the fetus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(3):689-95, 2004
Yuksel A et al: Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(6):525-32, 2004
Strauss S et al: Sonographic features of horseshoe kidney: review of 34 patients. J Ultrasound Med. 19(1):27-31, 2000
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