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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Surgical neck fracture, proximal humerus fracture
Definitions
Proximal humerus fx
Usually involves surgical neck (metaphyseal fx)
Also isolated greater tuberosity fx
Humeral head (intracapsular fx)
Anatomic neck fx
Articular split (head split) fx
Also Hills-Sachs impaction fx after dislocation
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Sandstrom CK et al: Acute shoulder trauma: what the surgeon wants to know. Radiographics. 35(2):475-492, 2015
Maier D et al: Proximal humeral fracture treatment in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 96(3):251-61, 2014
Mutch J et al: A new morphological classification for greater tuberosity fractures of the proximal humerus: validation and clinical implications. Bone Joint J. 96-B(5):646-51, 2014
Ramappa AJ et al: Using computed tomography to assess proximal humerus fractures. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 43(3):E43-7, 2014
Bruinsma WE et al: Interobserver reliability of classification and characterization of proximal humeral fractures: a comparison of two and three-dimensional CT. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(17):1600-4, 2013
Cuny C et al: AST classification of proximal humeral fractures: introduction and interobserver reliability assessment. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 23(1):35-40, 2013
Neuhaus V et al: What are the factors influencing outcome among patients admitted to a hospital with a proximal humeral fracture? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 471(5):1698-706, 2013
Sukthankar AV et al: A comprehensive classification of proximal humeral fractures: HGLS system. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 22(7):e1-6, 2013
Roux A et al: Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures managed in a trauma center. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 98(6):715-9, 2012
Shrader MW et al: Understanding proximal humerus fractures: image analysis, classification, and treatment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 14(5):497-505, 2005
Bucholz RW et al: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. Vol 1. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 997-1023, 2001
Blake R et al: Emergency department evaluation and treatment of the shoulder and humerus. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 17(4):859-76, vi, 1999
Bernstein J et al: Evaluation of the Neer system of classification of proximal humeral fractures with computerized tomographic scans and plain radiographs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(9):1371-5, 1996
Kilcoyne RF et al: The Neer classification of displaced proximal humeral fractures: spectrum of findings on plain radiographs and CT scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 154(5):1029-33, 1990
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Surgical neck fracture, proximal humerus fracture
Definitions
Proximal humerus fx
Usually involves surgical neck (metaphyseal fx)
Also isolated greater tuberosity fx
Humeral head (intracapsular fx)
Anatomic neck fx
Articular split (head split) fx
Also Hills-Sachs impaction fx after dislocation
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Sandstrom CK et al: Acute shoulder trauma: what the surgeon wants to know. Radiographics. 35(2):475-492, 2015
Maier D et al: Proximal humeral fracture treatment in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 96(3):251-61, 2014
Mutch J et al: A new morphological classification for greater tuberosity fractures of the proximal humerus: validation and clinical implications. Bone Joint J. 96-B(5):646-51, 2014
Ramappa AJ et al: Using computed tomography to assess proximal humerus fractures. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 43(3):E43-7, 2014
Bruinsma WE et al: Interobserver reliability of classification and characterization of proximal humeral fractures: a comparison of two and three-dimensional CT. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95(17):1600-4, 2013
Cuny C et al: AST classification of proximal humeral fractures: introduction and interobserver reliability assessment. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 23(1):35-40, 2013
Neuhaus V et al: What are the factors influencing outcome among patients admitted to a hospital with a proximal humeral fracture? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 471(5):1698-706, 2013
Sukthankar AV et al: A comprehensive classification of proximal humeral fractures: HGLS system. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 22(7):e1-6, 2013
Roux A et al: Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures managed in a trauma center. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 98(6):715-9, 2012
Shrader MW et al: Understanding proximal humerus fractures: image analysis, classification, and treatment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 14(5):497-505, 2005
Bucholz RW et al: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. Vol 1. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 997-1023, 2001
Blake R et al: Emergency department evaluation and treatment of the shoulder and humerus. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 17(4):859-76, vi, 1999
Bernstein J et al: Evaluation of the Neer system of classification of proximal humeral fractures with computerized tomographic scans and plain radiographs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(9):1371-5, 1996
Kilcoyne RF et al: The Neer classification of displaced proximal humeral fractures: spectrum of findings on plain radiographs and CT scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 154(5):1029-33, 1990
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