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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH)
- Acute IVOH (aIVOH)
- Chronic "compensated" IVOH (cIVOH)
- Extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (EVOH)
- Frontal occipital horn ratio (FOHR)
- (Transverse diameter of frontal horns + transverse diameter of occipital horns) ÷ 2x transverse diameter of cranium
- Intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH)
Definitions
- Ventriculomegaly caused by
- Obstruction of CSF egress from ventricles: IVOH
- Decreased CSF resorption from subarachnoid space: EVOH
- Increased CSF production
- Ventriculomegaly secondary to loss of parenchyma, a.k.a. ex vacuo dilation, is not hydrocephalus
- Ventriculomegaly caused by
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ha SK et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological visualization of human dural lymphatic vessels. Bio Protoc. 8(8), 2018
- Patel SK et al: Advanced neuroimaging techniques in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 52(6):436-45, 2017
- Algin O et al: Assessment of third ventriculostomy patency with the 3D-SPACE technique: a preliminary multicenter research study. J Neurosurg. 122(6):1347-55, 2015
- Jessen NA et al: The glymphatic system: A beginner's guide. Neurochem Res. 40(12):2583-99, 2015
- Russo N et al: Endoscopic Approaches to Intraventricular Lesions. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. ePub, 2015
- Flannery AM et al: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 1: Introduction and methodology. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14 Suppl 1:3-7, 2014
- Mazzola CA et al: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 2: Management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14 Suppl 1:8-23, 2014
- Nikas DC et al: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 10: Change in ventricle size as a measurement of effective treatment of hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14 Suppl 1:77-81, 2014
- Dinçer A et al: Radiologic evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(10):1543-62, 2011
- Mirone G et al: Hydrocephalus and spinal cord tumors: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(10):1741-9, 2011
- Oi S: Classification of hydrocephalus: critical analysis of classification categories and advantages of "Multi-categorical Hydrocephalus Classification" (Mc HC). Childs Nerv Syst. 27(10):1523-33, 2011
- Dinçer A et al: Is all "communicating" hydrocephalus really communicating? Prospective study on the value of 3D-constructive interference in steady state sequence at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(10):1898-906, 2009
- Feng F et al: Evaluation of radionuclide cerebrospinal fluid scintigraphy as a guide in the management of patients with hydrocephalus. Clin Imaging. 33(2):85-9, 2009
- Linninger AA et al: Normal and hydrocephalic brain dynamics: the role of reduced cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption in ventricular enlargement. Ann Biomed Eng. 37(7):1434-47, 2009
- Oertel JM et al: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in obstructive hydrocephalus due to giant basilar artery aneurysm. J Neurosurg. 110(1):14-8, 2009
- Stoquart-El Sankari S et al: Phase-contrast MR imaging support for the diagnosis of aqueductal stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):209-14, 2009
- Sekula RF Jr et al: A case of an elderly adult presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a rare hemorrhagic suprasellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Clin Neuropathol. 27(6):396-9, 2008
- Yamada S et al: Visualization of cerebrospinal fluid movement with spin labeling at MR imaging: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. Radiology. 249(2):644-52, 2008
- Erdogan AR et al: Sex and handedness differences in size of cerebral ventricles of normal subjects. Int J Neurosci. 114(1):67-73, 2004
- Gaser C et al: Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia related to volume reduction of the thalamus, striatum, and superior temporal cortex. Am J Psychiatry. 161(1):154-6, 2004
- Wyldes M et al: Isolated mild fetal ventriculomegaly. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 89(1):F9-13, 2004
- Akhondi H et al: Hydrocephalus as a presenting manifestation of neurosarcoidosis. South Med J. 96(4):403-6, 2003
- Bhattacharyya KB et al: Bobble-head doll syndrome: some atypical features with a new lesion and review of the literature. Acta Neurol Scand. 108(3):216-20, 2003
- Brown KP et al: 1H MRS in human hydrocephalus. J MRI. 14:291-9, 2003
- Grunert P et al: The role of third ventriculostomy in the management of obstructive hydrocephalus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 46(1):16-21, 2003
- Joseph VB et al: MR ventriculography for the study of CSF flow. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(3):373-81, 2003
- Sener RN: Callosal changes in obstructive hydrocephalus: observations with FLAIR imaging, and diffusion MRI. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 26(5):333-7, 2002
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH)
- Acute IVOH (aIVOH)
- Chronic "compensated" IVOH (cIVOH)
- Extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (EVOH)
- Frontal occipital horn ratio (FOHR)
- (Transverse diameter of frontal horns + transverse diameter of occipital horns) ÷ 2x transverse diameter of cranium
- Intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus (IVOH)
Definitions
- Ventriculomegaly caused by
- Obstruction of CSF egress from ventricles: IVOH
- Decreased CSF resorption from subarachnoid space: EVOH
- Increased CSF production
- Ventriculomegaly secondary to loss of parenchyma, a.k.a. ex vacuo dilation, is not hydrocephalus
- Ventriculomegaly caused by
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ha SK et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological visualization of human dural lymphatic vessels. Bio Protoc. 8(8), 2018
- Patel SK et al: Advanced neuroimaging techniques in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 52(6):436-45, 2017
- Algin O et al: Assessment of third ventriculostomy patency with the 3D-SPACE technique: a preliminary multicenter research study. J Neurosurg. 122(6):1347-55, 2015
- Jessen NA et al: The glymphatic system: A beginner's guide. Neurochem Res. 40(12):2583-99, 2015
- Russo N et al: Endoscopic Approaches to Intraventricular Lesions. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. ePub, 2015
- Flannery AM et al: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 1: Introduction and methodology. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14 Suppl 1:3-7, 2014
- Mazzola CA et al: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 2: Management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14 Suppl 1:8-23, 2014
- Nikas DC et al: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 10: Change in ventricle size as a measurement of effective treatment of hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 14 Suppl 1:77-81, 2014
- Dinçer A et al: Radiologic evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(10):1543-62, 2011
- Mirone G et al: Hydrocephalus and spinal cord tumors: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(10):1741-9, 2011
- Oi S: Classification of hydrocephalus: critical analysis of classification categories and advantages of "Multi-categorical Hydrocephalus Classification" (Mc HC). Childs Nerv Syst. 27(10):1523-33, 2011
- Dinçer A et al: Is all "communicating" hydrocephalus really communicating? Prospective study on the value of 3D-constructive interference in steady state sequence at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(10):1898-906, 2009
- Feng F et al: Evaluation of radionuclide cerebrospinal fluid scintigraphy as a guide in the management of patients with hydrocephalus. Clin Imaging. 33(2):85-9, 2009
- Linninger AA et al: Normal and hydrocephalic brain dynamics: the role of reduced cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption in ventricular enlargement. Ann Biomed Eng. 37(7):1434-47, 2009
- Oertel JM et al: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in obstructive hydrocephalus due to giant basilar artery aneurysm. J Neurosurg. 110(1):14-8, 2009
- Stoquart-El Sankari S et al: Phase-contrast MR imaging support for the diagnosis of aqueductal stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):209-14, 2009
- Sekula RF Jr et al: A case of an elderly adult presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a rare hemorrhagic suprasellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Clin Neuropathol. 27(6):396-9, 2008
- Yamada S et al: Visualization of cerebrospinal fluid movement with spin labeling at MR imaging: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. Radiology. 249(2):644-52, 2008
- Erdogan AR et al: Sex and handedness differences in size of cerebral ventricles of normal subjects. Int J Neurosci. 114(1):67-73, 2004
- Gaser C et al: Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia related to volume reduction of the thalamus, striatum, and superior temporal cortex. Am J Psychiatry. 161(1):154-6, 2004
- Wyldes M et al: Isolated mild fetal ventriculomegaly. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 89(1):F9-13, 2004
- Akhondi H et al: Hydrocephalus as a presenting manifestation of neurosarcoidosis. South Med J. 96(4):403-6, 2003
- Bhattacharyya KB et al: Bobble-head doll syndrome: some atypical features with a new lesion and review of the literature. Acta Neurol Scand. 108(3):216-20, 2003
- Brown KP et al: 1H MRS in human hydrocephalus. J MRI. 14:291-9, 2003
- Grunert P et al: The role of third ventriculostomy in the management of obstructive hydrocephalus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 46(1):16-21, 2003
- Joseph VB et al: MR ventriculography for the study of CSF flow. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(3):373-81, 2003
- Sener RN: Callosal changes in obstructive hydrocephalus: observations with FLAIR imaging, and diffusion MRI. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 26(5):333-7, 2002
