Idiopathic, nonneoplastic, and noninflammatory proliferative disorder that results in GB wall thickening
Subclassified into 2 entities
Adenomyomatosis
Mural GB wall thickening due to exaggeration of normal luminal epithelial folds and formation of intramural diverticula (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses) in conjunction with smooth muscle and GB epithelial proliferation
Cholesterolosis
Deposition of foamy, cholesterol-laden histiocytes in subepithelium of GB
Numerous small accumulations (strawberry GB) or larger polypoid deposit (cholesterol polyp)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Radiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Jonathan K et al: Adenomyomatosis. StatPearls, 2021
Gupta P et al: Imaging-based algorithmic approach to gallbladder wall thickening. World J Gastroenterol. 26(40):6163181, 2020
Yu MH et al: Benign gallbladder diseases: Imaging techniques and tips for differentiating with malignant gallbladder diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 26(22):2967-86, 2020
Kania L et al: Interpreting body MRI cases: classic findings in abdominal MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY). 43(10):2790-808, 2018
Golse N et al: Gallbladder adenomyomatosis: diagnosis and management. J Visc Surg. 154(5):345-53, 2017
Wiles R et al: Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: joint guidelines between the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR), European Association for Endoscopic Surgery and other Interventional Techniques (EAES), International Society of Digestive Surgery-European Federation (EFISDS) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). Eur Radiol. 27(9):3856-66, 2017
Revzin MV et al: The gallbladder: uncommon gallbladder conditions and unusual presentations of the common gallbladder pathological processes. Abdom Imaging. 40(2):385-99 2014
Nguyen MS et al: Adenomyomatosis. Ultrasound Q. 29(3):215-7, 2013
Pellino G et al: Stepwise approach and surgery for gallbladder adenomyomatosis: a mini-review. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 12(2):136-42, 2013
Ogawa T et al: High b-value diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for gallbladder lesions: differentiation between benignity and malignancy. J Gastroenterol. 47(12):1352-60, 2012
Yu MH et al: Color Doppler twinkling artifacts from gallbladder adenomyomatosis with 1.8 MHz and 4.0 MHz color Doppler frequencies. Ultrasound Med Biol. 38(7):1188-94, 2012
Kim JH et al: Clinical/pathological analysis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis; type and pathogenesis. Hepatogastroenterology. 57(99-100):420-5, 2010
Ghersin E et al: Twinkling artifact in gallbladder adenomyomatosis. J Ultrasound Med. 22(2):229-31, 2003
Haradome H et al: The pearl necklace sign: an imaging sign of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder at MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiology. 227(1):80-8, 2003
Owen CC et al: Gallbladder polyps, cholesterolosis, adenomyomatosis, and acute acalculous cholecystitis. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 14(4):178-88, 2003
Yoshimitsu K et al: Radiologic diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: comparative study among MRI, helical CT, and transabdominal US. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 25(6):843-50, 2001
Berk RN et al: The hyperplastic cholecystoses: cholesterolosis and adenomyomatosis. Radiology. 146(3):593-601, 1983
Idiopathic, nonneoplastic, and noninflammatory proliferative disorder that results in GB wall thickening
Subclassified into 2 entities
Adenomyomatosis
Mural GB wall thickening due to exaggeration of normal luminal epithelial folds and formation of intramural diverticula (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses) in conjunction with smooth muscle and GB epithelial proliferation
Cholesterolosis
Deposition of foamy, cholesterol-laden histiocytes in subepithelium of GB
Numerous small accumulations (strawberry GB) or larger polypoid deposit (cholesterol polyp)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Radiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Jonathan K et al: Adenomyomatosis. StatPearls, 2021
Gupta P et al: Imaging-based algorithmic approach to gallbladder wall thickening. World J Gastroenterol. 26(40):6163181, 2020
Yu MH et al: Benign gallbladder diseases: Imaging techniques and tips for differentiating with malignant gallbladder diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 26(22):2967-86, 2020
Kania L et al: Interpreting body MRI cases: classic findings in abdominal MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY). 43(10):2790-808, 2018
Golse N et al: Gallbladder adenomyomatosis: diagnosis and management. J Visc Surg. 154(5):345-53, 2017
Wiles R et al: Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: joint guidelines between the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR), European Association for Endoscopic Surgery and other Interventional Techniques (EAES), International Society of Digestive Surgery-European Federation (EFISDS) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). Eur Radiol. 27(9):3856-66, 2017
Revzin MV et al: The gallbladder: uncommon gallbladder conditions and unusual presentations of the common gallbladder pathological processes. Abdom Imaging. 40(2):385-99 2014
Nguyen MS et al: Adenomyomatosis. Ultrasound Q. 29(3):215-7, 2013
Pellino G et al: Stepwise approach and surgery for gallbladder adenomyomatosis: a mini-review. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 12(2):136-42, 2013
Ogawa T et al: High b-value diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for gallbladder lesions: differentiation between benignity and malignancy. J Gastroenterol. 47(12):1352-60, 2012
Yu MH et al: Color Doppler twinkling artifacts from gallbladder adenomyomatosis with 1.8 MHz and 4.0 MHz color Doppler frequencies. Ultrasound Med Biol. 38(7):1188-94, 2012
Kim JH et al: Clinical/pathological analysis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis; type and pathogenesis. Hepatogastroenterology. 57(99-100):420-5, 2010
Ghersin E et al: Twinkling artifact in gallbladder adenomyomatosis. J Ultrasound Med. 22(2):229-31, 2003
Haradome H et al: The pearl necklace sign: an imaging sign of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder at MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiology. 227(1):80-8, 2003
Owen CC et al: Gallbladder polyps, cholesterolosis, adenomyomatosis, and acute acalculous cholecystitis. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 14(4):178-88, 2003
Yoshimitsu K et al: Radiologic diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: comparative study among MRI, helical CT, and transabdominal US. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 25(6):843-50, 2001
Berk RN et al: The hyperplastic cholecystoses: cholesterolosis and adenomyomatosis. Radiology. 146(3):593-601, 1983
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