Physiologic process in which fatty marrow is converted to red marrow in response to systemic stress
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
van Vucht N et al: The Dixon technique for MRI of the bone marrow. Skeletal Radiol. 48(12):1861-74, 2019
Park S et al: Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of focal vertebral bone marrow lesions: initial experience of the differentiation of nodular hyperplastic hematopoietic bone marrow from malignant lesions. Skeletal Radiol. 46(5):675-83, 2017
Chan BY et al: MR Imaging of pediatric bone marrow. Radiographics. 36(6):1911-30, 2016
Shigematsu Y et al: Distinguishing imaging features between spinal hyperplastic hematopoietic bone marrow and bone metastasis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(10):2013-20, 2014
Hanrahan CJ et al: MRI of spinal bone marrow: part 2, T1-weighted imaging-based differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(6):1309-21, 2011
Shah LM et al: MRI of spinal bone marrow: part I, techniques and normal age-related appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(6):1298-308, 2011
Jaramillo D: Whole-body MR imaging, bone diffusion imaging: how and why? Pediatr Radiol. 40(6):978-84, 2010
Vande Berg BC et al: Normal variants of the bone marrow at MR imaging of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(2):87-96, 2009
Zhao J et al: MRI of the spine: image quality and normal-neoplastic bone marrow contrast at 3 T versus 1.5 T. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(4):873-80, 2009
Darge K et al: Whole-body MRI in children: current status and future applications. Eur J Radiol. 68(2):289-98, 2008
Vande Berg BC et al: Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 43(4):761-70, ix, 2005
Zajick DC Jr et al: Benign and malignant processes: normal values and differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging in vertebral marrow. Radiology. 237(2):590-6, 2005
Bordalo-Rodrigues M et al: Focal nodular hyperplasia of the hematopoietic marrow simulating vertebral metastasis on FDG positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(3):669-71, 2003
Daldrup-Link HE et al: Iron-oxide-enhanced MR imaging of bone marrow in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: differentiation between tumor infiltration and hypercellular bone marrow. Eur Radiol. 12(6):1557-66, 2002
Huang JS et al: Reduced intravertebral bone marrow fat in HIV-infected men. AIDS. 16(9):1265-9, 2002
Plecha DM: Imaging of bone marrow disease in the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 4(3):321-7, 2000
Baur A et al: MRI gadolinium enhancement of bone marrow: age-related changes in normals and in diffuse neoplastic infiltration. Skeletal Radiol. 26(7):414-8, 1997
Carroll KW et al: Useful internal standards for distinguishing infiltrative marrow pathology from hematopoietic marrow at MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 7(2):394-8, 1997
Poulton TB et al: Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(6):1217-21, 1993
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Marrow reconversion
Hypercellular marrow expansion
Definitions
Physiologic process in which fatty marrow is converted to red marrow in response to systemic stress
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
van Vucht N et al: The Dixon technique for MRI of the bone marrow. Skeletal Radiol. 48(12):1861-74, 2019
Park S et al: Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of focal vertebral bone marrow lesions: initial experience of the differentiation of nodular hyperplastic hematopoietic bone marrow from malignant lesions. Skeletal Radiol. 46(5):675-83, 2017
Chan BY et al: MR Imaging of pediatric bone marrow. Radiographics. 36(6):1911-30, 2016
Shigematsu Y et al: Distinguishing imaging features between spinal hyperplastic hematopoietic bone marrow and bone metastasis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(10):2013-20, 2014
Hanrahan CJ et al: MRI of spinal bone marrow: part 2, T1-weighted imaging-based differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(6):1309-21, 2011
Shah LM et al: MRI of spinal bone marrow: part I, techniques and normal age-related appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(6):1298-308, 2011
Jaramillo D: Whole-body MR imaging, bone diffusion imaging: how and why? Pediatr Radiol. 40(6):978-84, 2010
Vande Berg BC et al: Normal variants of the bone marrow at MR imaging of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(2):87-96, 2009
Zhao J et al: MRI of the spine: image quality and normal-neoplastic bone marrow contrast at 3 T versus 1.5 T. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(4):873-80, 2009
Darge K et al: Whole-body MRI in children: current status and future applications. Eur J Radiol. 68(2):289-98, 2008
Vande Berg BC et al: Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 43(4):761-70, ix, 2005
Zajick DC Jr et al: Benign and malignant processes: normal values and differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging in vertebral marrow. Radiology. 237(2):590-6, 2005
Bordalo-Rodrigues M et al: Focal nodular hyperplasia of the hematopoietic marrow simulating vertebral metastasis on FDG positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(3):669-71, 2003
Daldrup-Link HE et al: Iron-oxide-enhanced MR imaging of bone marrow in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: differentiation between tumor infiltration and hypercellular bone marrow. Eur Radiol. 12(6):1557-66, 2002
Huang JS et al: Reduced intravertebral bone marrow fat in HIV-infected men. AIDS. 16(9):1265-9, 2002
Plecha DM: Imaging of bone marrow disease in the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 4(3):321-7, 2000
Baur A et al: MRI gadolinium enhancement of bone marrow: age-related changes in normals and in diffuse neoplastic infiltration. Skeletal Radiol. 26(7):414-8, 1997
Carroll KW et al: Useful internal standards for distinguishing infiltrative marrow pathology from hematopoietic marrow at MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 7(2):394-8, 1997
Poulton TB et al: Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(6):1217-21, 1993
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